If a patient has not taken opioids, naloxone does not have a significant effect on patients.A234599,L33724
The oral LD50 in mice and rats is >1 g/kg.L33699 The intraperitoneal LD50 is 80 mg/kg in mice and 239 mg/kg in rats.L33699 The subcutaneous LD50 is 286 mg/kg in mice and 500 mg/kg in rats.L33699
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist medication used to block or reverse the effects of opioid drugs, particularly within the setting of drug overdoses which are rapidly becoming a leading cause of death worldwide.A234594 More specifically, naloxone has a high affinity for ?-opioid receptors, where it acts as an inverse agonist, causing the rapid removal of any other drugs bound to these receptors.A234594 When taken in large quantities, opioid medications such as morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, heroin, or fentanyl are capable of causing life-threatening symptoms such as respiratory depression, reduced heart rate, slurred speech, drowsiness, and constricted pupils.A234594,L33724 If untreated, this can progress to vomiting, absent pulse and breathing, loss of consciousness, and even death.L33724 Naloxone is indicated for the rapid reversal of these symptoms of central nervous system depression in opioid overdose.A234589 It's important to note that naloxone only works on opioid receptors within the body, and is therefore not capable of reversing the effects of non-opioid medications such as stimulants like methamphetamine or cocaine, or benzodiazepines like lorazepam or diazepam.
Also known as the brand name product Narcan, naloxone is currently available by intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SubQ) injection, nasal spray, or intravenous (IV) infusion.L33729,L33739 Naloxone IM injections are commonly available in the form of "kits", which is ideal for making overdose treatment accessible and readily available for administration by minimally trained individuals within the community.L33734 Kits commonly include the supplies necessary to treat an overdose in a non-medical setting such as alcohol swabs, syringes, a rescue breathing mask, and instructions for use. Frequently also carried by medical and emergency personnel and at events known to be associated with heavy drug use like music festivals, naloxone kits are considered a key component of harm reduction strategies. There are over-the-counter nasal sprays available.
When injected intramuscularly (IM), naloxone acts within three to five minutes. Administration of naloxone is associated with very few side effects. Notably, if injected into a person not currently using opioid medications, there would be no noticeable effects at all. However, for individuals using opioid medications or experiencing an overdose, IM injection of naloxone rapidly reverses opioid effects and can cause the injected individual to immediately experience withdrawal symptoms.A234589 Common symptoms of opioid withdrawal include nausea, vomiting, sweating, runny nose, aches, and diarrhea.A234589 Although certainly physically uncomfortable, opioid withdrawal symptoms are not life-threatening; administration of naloxone is, therefore, appropriate for any person appearing to have any symptoms of an opioid overdose. Due to its short duration of action, persons injected with naloxone should be monitored for responsiveness and potentially injected a second time or taken to the hospital.A234589
Naloxone is also available within the combination product Suboxone with the opioid medication buprenorphine.L33714,L33719 Suboxone is used for the maintenance treatment of opioid dependence and addiction.L33714,L33719 When taken orally, naloxone has no pharmacological effect and does not reduce the effectiveness of the opioid effect of buprenorphine.L33714,L33719 The primary purpose of including naloxone within Suboxone is to act as a deterrent to injection, as injected naloxone would rapidly reverse the effects of buprenorphine.L33714,L33719
Naloxone was granted FDA approval on 13 April 1971.L33709
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.
| Cilostazol | Cilostazol may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Colchicine | Naloxone may decrease the excretion rate of Colchicine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fentanyl | The therapeutic efficacy of Fentanyl can be decreased when used in combination with Naloxone. |
| Alprazolam | Alprazolam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Midazolam | Midazolam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Methylnaltrexone | Naloxone may increase the opioid antagonism activities of Methylnaltrexone. |
| Naloxegol | The therapeutic efficacy of Naloxegol can be decreased when used in combination with Naloxone. |
| Lamotrigine | The metabolism of Naloxone can be increased when combined with Lamotrigine. |
| Primidone | The metabolism of Naloxone can be increased when combined with Primidone. |
| Rifampin | The metabolism of Naloxone can be increased when combined with Rifampicin. |
| Phenobarbital | The metabolism of Naloxone can be increased when combined with Phenobarbital. |
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Icosapent | Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotiam | Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Mesalazine | Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmenoxime | Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmetazole | Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pamidronic acid | Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenofovir disoproxil | Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cidofovir | Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpiramide | Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftazidime | Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Loracarbef | Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefalotin | Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nabumetone | Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketorolac | Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenoxicam | Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotaxime | Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tolmetin | Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Foscarnet | Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Piroxicam | Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fenoprofen | Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulindac | Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Bacitracin | Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Amphotericin B | Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephaloglycin | Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Adefovir dipivoxil | Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pentamidine | Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etodolac | Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acyclovir | Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Naproxen | Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulfasalazine | Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Phenylbutazone | Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carprofen | Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefaclor | Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diflunisal | Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceforanide | Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salicylic acid | Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Meclofenamic acid | Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carboplatin | Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxaprozin | Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketoprofen | Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Balsalazide | Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefditoren | Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Colistimethate | Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefuroxime | Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefapirin | Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefadroxil | Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefprozil | Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Olsalazine | Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lumiracoxib | Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefamandole | Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefazolin | Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefonicid | Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotetan | Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefoxitin | Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftizoxime | Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefradine | Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Magnesium salicylate | Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salsalate | Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Choline magnesium trisalicylate | Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefepime | Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefacetrile | Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftibuten | Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpodoxime | Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Antrafenine | Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tiaprofenic acid | Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Hydrolyzed Cephalothin | Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephalothin Group | Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxyphenbutazone | Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Latamoxef | Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Benoxaprofen | Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Metamizole | Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftobiprole | Ceftobiprole may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cimicoxib | Cimicoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftaroline fosamil | Ceftaroline fosamil may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lornoxicam | Lornoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Aceclofenac | Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Zaltoprofen | Zaltoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Azapropazone | Azapropazone may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salicylamide | Salicylamide may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Kebuzone | Kebuzone may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Isoxicam | Isoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Indoprofen | Indoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ibuproxam | Ibuproxam may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Floctafenine | Floctafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fenbufen | Fenbufen may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etofenamate | Etofenamate may decrease the excretion rate of Naloxone which could result in a higher serum level. |