Peringatan Keamanan

The oral LD50 of potassium chloride in rats is 2600 mg/kg.MSDS

Overdose information

An overdose of potassium may result in hyperkalemia, and in some cases, death due to various causes. Signs and symptoms of an overdose of potassium are mainly cardiovascular, neurological and musculoskeletal in nature. Arrhythmia, changes in cardiac conduction, including astystole, bradycardia, heart block, ventral fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia may occur. In addition, hypotension may also occur along with cardiac ECG changes. Muscular weakness and respiratory muscle paralysis may occur, in addition to paresthesia. In case of an overdose, discontinue potassium administration, reduce the dose, and monitor fluid levels and electrolyte concentrations in addition to acid-base balance. Corrective therapy, such as insulin administration or potassium binding drugs, may be required. Offer supportive care and resuscitation as deemed necessary.A186200,A186203,L8771

Important note regarding hyperkalemia

Normally, hyperkalemia is asymptomatic and only detected by laboratory testing (at values of 6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and ECG changes (peaked T- waves, lost P-waves, ST depression, and a prolonged QT interval). Muscle paralysis and cardiac arrest may occur in the advanced stages of hyperkalemia, at potassium concentrations of 9-12 mEq/L.L8771

Potassium

DB14500

small molecule approved experimental

Deskripsi

Potassium is an essential nutrient, like Calcium and Magnesium. It was identified as a shortfall nutrient by the 2015-2020 Advisory Committee of Dietary Guidelines for Americans.A186928 Many conditions and diseases interfere with normal body potassium balance, and underconsumption of potassium is one example. Hypokalemia (low potassium) or hyperkalemia (high potassium) may result, manifesting as various signs and symptoms. Some examples of potassium-related complications include life-threatening arrhythmia, neuromuscular dysfunction, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.A32222,A38081,L2652

Various pharmacological preparations have been formulated to replenish potassium. They are available in an assortment of tablet, injection, and other forms, depending on the setting and condition being treated. Potassium is often a key ingredient for intravenous fluids, given to patients in clinical settings for rehydration, nutrition, and replenishment of electrolytes. Examples of potassium formulations include potassium citrate, potassium chloride, and potassium with dextrose and sodium chloride.L8744,L8747,L8753,L8759

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 39.0983
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) In one clinical study, the apparent half-life of oral potassium was between 1.6 and 14 hours.[A186967] A radio tracer study determined that the biological half-life of radiolabeled potassium ranges from 10 to 28 days.[A186973]
Volume Distribusi Potassium is present in almost all body tissues.[A32167,A32222] Approximately 98% of potassium is maintained intracellularly in muscular tissue, the liver, and red blood cells. The remainder is distributed extracellularly.[A186967]
Klirens (Clearance) Potassium is freely filtered in the kidney with most of an ingested amount being reabsorbed into the circulation (70%–80%) by the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Secretion of potassium by the distal nephron in the kidney varies and dependent on the intracellular potassium concentration, luminal potassium concentration concentration, in addition to cellular permeability.[A32222]

Absorpsi

When taken orally from a dietary source, potassium is mainly absorbed via passive diffusion in the small intestine. Approximately 90% of potassium is absorbed, and maintains concentrations both inside and outside cells.L2652 The kidneys can adapt to variable potassium intake in healthy individuals, but a minimum of 5 mmol (about 195 mg) dietary potassium is measured to be excreted in the urine.L2652 Some studies have measured the absorption various forms of potassium from dietary supplements. Results from a clinical trial in 2016 showed that potassium gluconate supplements are 94% absorbed, which is similar to the absorption rate from potatoes. An older study advised that liquid forms of potassium are absorbed a few hours post-administration. Enteric coated tablets of potassium chloride are not absorbed as rapidly as liquid forms, due to their delayed release design.L2652

Metabolisme

Potassium is absorbed and excreted in unchanged form.A186967,L2652

Rute Eliminasi

Potassium is excreted primarily in the urine, excreted in small amounts in the stool, and negligibly in perspiration (sweat). The renal system regulates potassium excretion according to dietary intake. Potassium excretion rises quickly in healthy patients after ingestion unless body stores have been depleted.L2652 Potassium undergoes glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and distal tubular secretion. Renal clearance of potassium shifts between net tubular secretion and reabsorption, depending on the clinical circumstances.A186967

Interaksi Obat

852 Data
Ramipril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Ramipril.
Fosinopril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Fosinopril.
Trandolapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Trandolapril.
Benazepril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Benazepril.
Enalapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Enalapril.
Moexipril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Moexipril.
Lisinopril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Lisinopril.
Perindopril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Perindopril.
Quinapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Quinapril.
Omapatrilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Omapatrilat.
Rescinnamine The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Rescinnamine.
Captopril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Captopril.
Cilazapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Cilazapril.
Spirapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Spirapril.
Temocapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Temocapril.
Enalaprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Enalaprilat.
Imidapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Imidapril.
Zofenopril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Zofenopril.
Delapril The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Delapril.
Benazeprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Benazeprilat.
Fosinoprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Fosinoprilat.
Ramiprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Ramiprilat.
Trandolaprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Trandolaprilat.
Moexiprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Moexiprilat.
Perindoprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Perindoprilat.
Quinaprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Quinaprilat.
Cilazaprilat The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Potassium is combined with Cilazaprilat.
Acemetacin The therapeutic efficacy of Potassium can be decreased when used in combination with Acemetacin.
Lactulose The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Lactulose.
Mannitol The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Mannitol.
Lubiprostone The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Lubiprostone.
Tegaserod The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Tegaserod.
Magnesium cation The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium cation.
Sorbitol The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Sorbitol.
Dantron The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Dantron.
Oxyphenisatin The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Oxyphenisatin.
Phenolphthalein The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Phenolphthalein.
Prucalopride The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Prucalopride.
Emodin The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Emodin.
Linaclotide The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Linaclotide.
Bisacodyl The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Bisacodyl.
Magnesium hydroxide The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium hydroxide.
Bisoxatin The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Bisoxatin.
Picosulfuric acid The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Picosulfuric acid.
Magnesium trisilicate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium trisilicate.
Polyethylene glycol The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Polyethylene glycol.
Polycarbophil The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Polycarbophil.
Monopotassium phosphate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Monopotassium phosphate.
Glycerin The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Glycerin.
Magnesium carbonate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium carbonate.
Potassium lactate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Potassium lactate.
Sodium fluorophosphate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Sodium fluorophosphate.
Mineral oil The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Mineral oil.
Carboxymethylcellulose The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Carboxymethylcellulose.
Docusate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Docusate.
Plantago seed The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Plantago seed.
Magnesium citrate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium citrate.
Castor oil The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Castor oil.
Magnesium glycinate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium glycinate.
Methylcellulose The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Methylcellulose.
Sennosides The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Sennosides.
Lactitol The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Lactitol.
Plecanatide The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Plecanatide.
Gluconic Acid The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Gluconic Acid.
Magnesium peroxide The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium peroxide.
Pentaerithrityl The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Pentaerithrityl.
Sodium tartrate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Sodium tartrate.
Magnesium acetate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Magnesium acetate.
Deacetylbisacodyl The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Deacetylbisacodyl.
Sodium ascorbate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Sodium ascorbate.
Potassium sulfate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Potassium sulfate.
Sodium phosphate, monobasic, unspecified form The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Sodium phosphate, monobasic, unspecified form.
Sodium phosphate, dibasic, unspecified form The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Sodium phosphate, dibasic, unspecified form.
Plantago ovata seed The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Plantago ovata seed.
Oxyphenisatin acetate The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Oxyphenisatin acetate.
Calcium polycarbophil The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Calcium polycarbophil.
Konjac mannan The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Konjac mannan.
Alloin The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Alloin.
Frangula purshiana bark The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Frangula purshiana bark.
Dehydrocholic acid The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Potassium is combined with Dehydrocholic acid.
Fluconazole Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Fluconazole.
Pregabalin Potassium may increase the excretion rate of Pregabalin which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Metoprolol Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Metoprolol.
Isradipine Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Isradipine.
Timolol Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Timolol.
Digoxin Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Digoxin.
Nisoldipine Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Nisoldipine.
Trimethoprim Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Trimethoprim.
Piroxicam Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Piroxicam.
Lamotrigine Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Lamotrigine.
Propranolol Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Propranolol.
Labetalol Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Labetalol.
Bisoprolol Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Bisoprolol.
Verapamil Potassium may increase the excretion rate of Verapamil which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Flurbiprofen Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Flurbiprofen.
Etodolac Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Etodolac.
Diflunisal Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Diflunisal.
Zonisamide Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Zonisamide.
Meclofenamic acid Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Meclofenamic acid.
Pindolol Potassium may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Pindolol.

Target Protein

Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 ATP1A1

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 23674806
    Weaver CM: Potassium and health. Adv Nutr. 2013 May 1;4(3):368S-77S. doi: 10.3945/an.112.003533.
  • PMID: 27455317
    Stone MS, Martyn L, Weaver CM: Potassium Intake, Bioavailability, Hypertension, and Glucose Control. Nutrients. 2016 Jul 22;8(7). pii: nu8070444. doi: 10.3390/nu8070444.
  • PMID: 18724413
    He FJ, MacGregor GA: Beneficial effects of potassium on human health. Physiol Plant. 2008 Aug;133(4):725-35.
  • PMID: 29540487
    Kardalas E, Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, Muscogiuri G, Siasos G, Vryonidou A: Hypokalemia: a clinical update. Endocr Connect. 2018 Apr;7(4):R135-R146. doi: 10.1530/EC-18-0109. Epub 2018 Mar 14.
  • PMID: 15405024
    MARTIN HE, WERTMAN M, et al.: Clinical potassium problems. Calif Med. 1950 Mar;72(3):133-41.
  • PMID: 26371733
    Viera AJ, Wouk N: Potassium Disorders: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Sep 15;92(6):487-95.
  • PMID: 2689836
    Saxena K: Clinical features and management of poisoning due to potassium chloride. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1989 Nov-Dec;4(6):429-43.
  • PMID: 20721655
    Bosse GM, Platt MA, Anderson SD, Presley MW: Acute oral potassium overdose: the role of hemodialysis. J Med Toxicol. 2011 Mar;7(1):52-6. doi: 10.1007/s13181-010-0106-6.
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