Simulasi Farmakokinetik

Referensi Obat Populer (50 items) ▼

Paracetamol — 500 mg

t1/2: 2–3 jam; Vd: 1 L/kg (~70 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Ibuprofen — 200 mg

t1/2: 2–4 jam; Vd: 0.1–0.2 L/kg (~7–14 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Aspirin — 81 mg

t1/2: 0.25–0.5 jam (salicylate metabolite longer); Vd: 0.1–0.2 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Amoxicillin — 500 mg

t1/2: 1–1.5 jam; Vd: 0.2–0.3 L/kg (~15–21 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Azithromycin — 500 mg

t1/2: 68 jam; Vd: large (tissue uptake) ~31 L

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Ciprofloxacin — 500 mg

t1/2: 4 jam; Vd: 2–3 L/kg (~140–210 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Levofloxacin — 500 mg

t1/2: 6–8 jam; Vd: ~1.5–2 L/kg (~105–140 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Metronidazole — 500 mg

t1/2: 8 jam; Vd: 0.6–0.9 L/kg (~42–63 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Ceftriaxone — 1 g

t1/2: 6–9 jam; Vd: 5–12 L

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Cefazolin — 1 g

t1/2: 1.8 jam; Vd: 0.1–0.2 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Vancomycin — 1000 mg

t1/2: 4–8 jam (renal); Vd: 0.4–1 L/kg (~28–70 L)

Target Css: 15–20 mg/L (typical target trough); MEC: - mg/L; MTC: >40 mg/L (approx)

Gentamicin — 80 mg

t1/2: 2–3 jam; Vd: 0.2–0.3 L/kg (~14–21 L)

Target Css (peak): 5–12 mg/L (typical); MEC: - mg/L; MTC (trough concerns): <2 mg/L goal

Amikacin — 500 mg

t1/2: 2–3 jam; Vd: 0.2–0.3 L/kg

Target Css (peak): 20–35 mg/L (typical); MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Doxycycline — 100 mg

t1/2: 18–22 jam; Vd: large ~1–2 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Clarithromycin — 250 mg

t1/2: 3–7 jam (parent/active metabolite); Vd: large (~100–200 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Erythromycin — 250 mg

t1/2: 1.5 jam; Vd: large (~200 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Naproxen — 250 mg

t1/2: 12–17 jam; Vd: 0.1–0.2 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Morphine — 10 mg

t1/2: 2–4 jam; Vd: 1–4 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Fentanyl — 50 µg

t1/2: 2–4 jam; Vd: large (~4 L/kg)

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Oxycodone — 5–10 mg

t1/2: 3–4.5 jam; Vd: ~2.6 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Codeine — 30 mg

t1/2: 2.5–3 jam; Vd: 3 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Amiodarone — 200 mg

t1/2: weeks to months (~40–60 hari); Vd: very large (~60 L/kg)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Metoprolol — 50 mg

t1/2: 3–7 jam; Vd: 3–5 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Propranolol — 40 mg

t1/2: 3–6 jam; Vd: large (~4 L/kg)

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Atenolol — 50 mg

t1/2: 6–7 jam; Vd: 0.7 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Carvedilol — 12.5 mg

t1/2: 7–10 jam; Vd: ~1–2 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Lisinopril — 10 mg

t1/2: 12 jam; Vd: ~0.1 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Enalapril — 5–10 mg

t1/2: 11 jam (active enalaprilat); Vd: ~0.2 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Losartan — 50 mg

t1/2: 2 jam (active metabolite longer); Vd: ~34 L

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Valsartan — 80 mg

t1/2: 6–9 jam; Vd: ~17 L

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Atorvastatin — 10 mg

t1/2: 14 jam (active metabolites longer); Vd: large (~381 L)

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Simvastatin — 20 mg

t1/2: 1.9 jam (active metabolites longer); Vd: large

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Rosuvastatin — 10 mg

t1/2: 19 jam; Vd: ~134 L

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Phenytoin — 100 mg

t1/2: 22 jam (variable); Vd: 0.6–0.8 L/kg

Target Css: 10–20 mg/L (typical total conc); MEC: - mg/L; MTC: >20 mg/L (approx)

Carbamazepine — 200 mg

t1/2: 12–17 jam (autoinduction); Vd: ~1 L/kg

Target Css: 4–12 mg/L (typical total conc); MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Valproate — 250 mg

t1/2: 9–16 jam; Vd: ~0.1–0.4 L/kg

Target Css: 50–100 mg/L (typical total conc); MEC: - mg/L; MTC: >100 mg/L (approx)

Lamotrigine — 100 mg

t1/2: 25–33 jam; Vd: ~0.9–1.3 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Sertraline — 50 mg

t1/2: 26 jam; Vd: large (~20–25 L/kg)

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Fluoxetine — 20 mg

t1/2: 1–3 hari (active norfluoxetine longer); Vd: large

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Citalopram — 20 mg

t1/2: 35 jam; Vd: ~12 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Metformin — 500 mg

t1/2: 4–8 jam; Vd: large (~654 L)

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Glyburide — 5 mg

t1/2: 10 jam; Vd: ~0.1–0.2 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Hydrochlorothiazide — 25 mg

t1/2: 6–15 jam; Vd: ~4–8 L

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Furosemide — 40 mg

t1/2: 1–2 jam; Vd: ~0.1–0.2 L/kg

Target Css: - mg/L; MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Spironolactone — 25 mg

t1/2: 1–2 jam (active metabolites longer); Vd: large

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Prednisone — 5 mg

t1/2: 2–3 jam; Vd: ~0.5 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Dexamethasone — 4 mg

t1/2: 3–4.5 jam; Vd: ~1 L/kg

Target Css: - ng/mL; MEC: - ng/mL; MTC: - ng/mL

Theophylline — 200 mg

t1/2: 6–9 jam; Vd: ~0.5 L/kg

Target Css: 5–15 mg/L (typical); MEC: - mg/L; MTC: >20 mg/L (approx)

Digoxin — 0.125 mg

t1/2: 36–48 jam; Vd: large (~6 L/kg)

Target Css: 0.5–2 ng/mL (note units ng/mL); MEC: -; MTC: >2 ng/mL (approx)

Warfarin — 5 mg

t1/2: 36–42 jam; Vd: ~0.14 L/kg

Target Css: - (monitor via INR); MEC: - mg/L; MTC: - mg/L

Heparin (IV bolus variable)

t1/2: 1–2 jam; Vd: small (plasma)

Target Css: - (monitor via aPTT/Anti-Xa); MEC: -; MTC: -

Parameter Obat

Dosis (D) 500

Interval (τ) 8 jam

Waktu Paruh (t1/2) 6 jam

Vol. Distribusi (Vd) 20 L

Rute Pemberian

Bioavailabilitas (F) 1.0

Kondisi Pasien

Fungsi Eliminasi (Ginjal/Hati) 100% Normal

*Geser ke kiri untuk simulasi gagal organ. Nilai dapat lebih rendah atau lebih tinggi dari rentang default.

Bagaimana menentukan & menghitung Fungsi Eliminasi (%)

Penjelasan singkat: atur t_1/2 berdasarkan literatur (nilai baseline), lalu pilih persentase fungsi eliminasi relatif terhadap normal. Nilai persentase ini mengubah t_1/2 secara proporsional sehingga memperlihatkan efek gangguan eliminasi (mis. gangguan ginjal).

Rumus:

Notasi: t½_baseline = waktu paruh baseline (jam); fungsi_eliminasi = persentase (%)

Rumus:

t½_,adj = t½_,baseline ÷ (fungsi_eliminasi (%) / 100)

Ke = 0.693 ÷ t½_,adj

Cl = Ke × Vd

Kalkulator fungsi ginjal (estimasi dari kreatinin serum)

Kreatinin serum (mg/dL) Umur (tahun) Berat badan (kg) Jenis kelamin

Metode: Cockcroft–Gault (estimasi CrCl). Persentase dihitung relatif ke CrCl normal ≈ 120 mL/min.

Contoh (otomatis dihitung berdasarkan input saat ini): - , Ke = - , Cl = -

Catatan: rumus sederhana ini mengasumsikan perubahan eliminasi linier terhadap persentase fungsi; untuk obat dengan perilaku kompleks (multi‑kompartemen, non‑linier), gunakan data literatur atau konsultasi farmakokinetik lebih lanjut.

Parameter PK

Klirens (Cl)- L/h

Akumulasi (R)-x

Css Average -

0100 mg/L

Normal

Target & Jendela Terapi

Batas Toksik (MTC) 50 mg/L

Batas Efektif (MEC) 10 mg/L

Target Konsentrasi (Css) 15 mg/L

Kurva Konsentrasi Plasma vs Waktu

Kadar Obat Target Css MTC (Toksik) MEC (Efektif) Normal Kidney (ref)

Rumus PK Steady State:

IV (bolus): Css = ( F × D ) / ( Cl × τ )

Cl = - L/h

Ke = - /jam

R (Akumulasi) = -x

F = -

ka = - /jam

Vd = - L

* Formula dan nilai parameter diperbarui otomatis sesuai rute dan input. Untuk Non‑IV, pastikan ka > Ke agar model valid.

Parameter Digunakan

Dosis (D)

Interval (τ)

Waktu Paruh (t1/2)

Vol. Distribusi (Vd)

Rute Pemberian

Bioavailabilitas (F)

Laju Absorpsi (ka)

Batas Toksik (MTC)

Batas Efektif (MEC)

Target Konsentrasi (Css)

Fungsi Eliminasi

Hasil PK

Klirens (Cl)

Akumulasi (R)

Css Average

Status

Teori Dasar & Rumus Farmakokinetik ▼

1. Konsep Steady State

Steady state tercapai ketika laju obat masuk = laju keluar. Butuh waktu 4-5x t_1/2 untuk mencapainya. Pada steady state, konsentrasi plasma berfluktuasi dalam rentang tertentu sesuai interval dosis.

2. Jendela Terapi

Jendela terapi adalah rentang aman antara MEC (Minimum Effective Concentration) dan MTC (Minimum Toxic Concentration). Target konsentrasi (Css) sebaiknya berada di tengah rentang ini agar efektif dan aman.

3. Definisi & Rumus Variabel

D (Dosis): Jumlah obat yang diberikan tiap interval (mg).
τ (Tau): Interval waktu antar dosis (jam).
t_1/2 (Waktu Paruh): Waktu yang dibutuhkan agar konsentrasi obat turun setengahnya (jam).
Vd (Volume Distribusi): Volume teoretis distribusi obat dalam tubuh (L).
F (Bioavailabilitas): Fraksi dosis yang mencapai sirkulasi sistemik (1 = 100% untuk IV, <1 untuk oral/subkutan/IM).
ka (Laju Absorpsi): Kecepatan absorpsi obat ke darah (per jam), hanya untuk rute non-IV.
Cl (Klirens): Volume plasma yang dibersihkan dari obat per satuan waktu.
Rumus: Cl = Ke × Vd
Ke (Laju Eliminasi): Kecepatan eliminasi obat.
Rumus: Ke = 0.693 / t_1/2
R (Akumulasi): Faktor akumulasi pada pemberian berulang.
Rumus: R = 1 / (1 - e^-Ke×τ)
Css (Konsentrasi Steady State): Konsentrasi rata-rata pada steady state.
IV: Css = (F × D) / (Cl × τ)
Oral/IM/Subkutan: Css dihitung dengan model absorpsi:
Css = (F × D × ka) / (Vd × (ka - Ke)) × [e^-Ke·t - e^-ka·t]
MEC: Minimum Effective Concentration, batas bawah efek terapi.
MTC: Minimum Toxic Concentration, batas atas efek toksik.

4. Mekanisme Kalkulasi Aplikasi

Pengguna mengatur parameter (dosis, interval, t_1/2, Vd, F, ka, dll).
Aplikasi menghitung Ke, Cl, R, dan Css sesuai rumus di atas.
Jika rute IV, kurva konsentrasi dihitung dengan model bolus.
Jika rute non-IV, kurva konsentrasi dihitung dengan model absorpsi first order (menggunakan ka).
Grafik dan parameter PK diperbarui otomatis setiap input berubah.
Warna dan status hasil simulasi menyesuaikan apakah Css berada dalam jendela terapi.

Nama Obat	T1/2 (Jam)	Vd (L)
Gentamicin	2.5	18
Digoxin	36	450
Vancomycin	6	50
Phenytoin	22	45
Theophylline	8	35

Parameter Obat

Kondisi Pasien

Parameter PK

Target & Jendela Terapi

Kurva Konsentrasi Plasma vs Waktu

1. Konsep Steady State

2. Jendela Terapi

3. Definisi & Rumus Variabel

4. Mekanisme Kalkulasi Aplikasi

Pilih Obat untuk Simulasi