In embryo-fetal development toxicity studies in rats and rabbits, embryo-lethality was noted at the highest doses (128- and 174-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose for rats and rabbits, respectively). The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for embryo-fetal development was 50 mg/kg/day in rats and 45 mg/kg/day in rabbits (62- and 16-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose for rats and rabbits, respectively). Fezolinetant showed no effects on fertility and early embryonic development in rats.L46422
In the pre-and post-natal development study in rats, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was 30 mg/kg/day (36-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose) based on delayed parturition and embryo-lethality at 100 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL for F1 generation development was determined to be 100 mg/kg/day for females (204-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose) and 10 mg/kg/day for males (11-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose).L46422
In the pre-and post-natal development study in rats, the F1 male showed incomplete balanopreputial separation at doses greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg/day (36-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose), which delayed male reproductive maturation and affected fertility. These effects were not observed following dosing at 10 mg/kg/day (11-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose).L46422
Repeat dose toxicity studies were conducted in intact female rats and cynomolgus monkeys. In female rats, daily administration of fezolinetant for 26 weeks at doses equal to or greater than 30 mg/kg/day (56-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose) showed uterine atrophy and epithelial mucification of the vagina and cervix. In female cynomolgus monkeys, daily administration for 39 weeks at doses equal to or greater than 10 mg/kg/day (19-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose) showed reduced ovarian activity.L46422
Fezolinetant is contraindicated in individuals with severe (eGFR 15 to less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (eGFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2). No dose adjustment of fezolinetant is recommended for individuals with mild (eGFR 60 to less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2) or moderate (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) renal impairment.L46422
Child-Pugh Class A or B hepatic impairment increased the exposure to fezolinetant. Fezolinetant has not been studied in individuals with Child-Pugh Class C hepatic impairment.L46422
In a 2-year female rat carcinogenicity study and a 26-week carcinogenicity study in rasH2 transgenic mice, there was no evidence of drug-related carcinogenicity at 186-fold and 47-fold the human AUC24 at the human therapeutic dose of 45 mg, respectively.L46422
Fezolinetant showed no genotoxic potential by the bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test, or in vivo micronucleus test.L46422
Treatment of overdose consists of discontinuation of fezolinetant therapy with the institution of appropriate symptomatic care.L46422
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), more colloquially known as hot flashes or night sweats, are some of the most common symptoms in menopause. With a median duration of 7.4 years, vasomotor symptoms are also the most common reasons why women seek treatments for menopausal issues.A259591,A259596 Although mostly considered a nuisance, vasomotor symptoms can significantly affect quality of life, as women with 7 or more moderate to severe VMS daily have reported a decline in sleep quality, concentration, sexual activity, energy, and concentration.A259601
Although the pathophysiology of VMS is not fully understood, unpredictable fluctuation in estrogen levels is thought to be the main cause of VMS, as estrogen therapy has been one of the most effective treatments for VMS by relieving symptoms in as many as 95% of menopausal women. Women undergoing abrupt menopause due to oophorectomy also experienced more severe symptoms than those going through a gradual transition.A259606,A259601 Additionally, thermoregulatory dysfunction has been proposed as one of the three possible mechanisms for VMS in menopause.A259606 Estrogen is a potent neuromodulator, particularly in the hypothalamus, and has been shown to be involved as a negative regulator in generating Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse through the kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (KNDy) neurons.A259591,A259542 NK3, one of the receptors expressed in KNDy neurons, is activated by neurokinin B and can thus induce the release of GnRH.A259591,A259542 Lower estrogen levels during menopause will decrease the estrogen-mediated feedback loop and increase neurokinin B signalling, increasing the activity of KNDy neurons and therefore the activity of the temperature control center.A259591,A259542 By antagonizing NK3 receptors, neuronal signalling can be dampened to reduce VMS.A259591,A259542
Although hormone therapy is available for menopausal women, safety and tolerability concerns, such as an increased risk of stroke and venous thromboembolism or hormone-dependent cancer like breast cancer, can prevent some women from receiving this treatment.A259542 Fezolinetant, an NK3 receptor antagonist, was developed in response to this issue as well as more understanding of the role of NK3R in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.A259542 Although previous NK3 receptor antagonists exist, such as osanetant and talnetant, only fezolinetant showed tangible effects on the HPC axis, potentially due to its favorable pharmacokinetics profile to cross the blood-brain barrier.A259542
Fezolinetant was approved by the FDA in May 2023 under the brand name Veozah.L46422 It was subsequently approved by the EMA in December 2023 for the same indication.L50086
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.
| Deferasirox | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Deferasirox. |
| Peginterferon alfa-2b | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Peginterferon alfa-2b. |
| Leflunomide | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be decreased when it is combined with Leflunomide. |
| Teriflunomide | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be decreased when it is combined with Teriflunomide. |
| Abiraterone | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone. |
| Cyproterone acetate | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Cyproterone acetate. |
| Albendazole | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Albendazole. |
| Carbamazepine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Carbamazepine. |
| Primidone | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Primidone. |
| Rifampin | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Rifampicin. |
| Caffeine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Caffeine. |
| Moxifloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Moxifloxacin. |
| Lidocaine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Lidocaine. |
| Mexiletine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Mexiletine. |
| Imipramine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Imipramine. |
| Alosetron | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Alosetron. |
| Ketoconazole | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole. |
| Gatifloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Gatifloxacin. |
| Simeprevir | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Simeprevir. |
| Vemurafenib | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Vemurafenib. |
| Dosulepin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Dosulepin. |
| Lobeglitazone | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Lobeglitazone. |
| Curcumin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Curcumin. |
| Pazufloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Pazufloxacin. |
| Osilodrostat | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Osilodrostat. |
| Osimertinib | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be decreased when it is combined with Osimertinib. |
| Citalopram | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Citalopram. |
| Nevirapine | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be decreased when combined with Nevirapine. |
| Anagrelide | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Anagrelide. |
| Conjugated estrogens | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Conjugated estrogens. |
| Ethambutol | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be decreased when combined with Ethambutol. |
| Cimetidine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Cimetidine. |
| Trovafloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Trovafloxacin. |
| Estradiol | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Estradiol. |
| Famotidine | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be decreased when combined with Famotidine. |
| Tocainide | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Tocainide. |
| Genistein | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Genistein. |
| Quercetin | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be decreased when combined with Quercetin. |
| Viloxazine | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be decreased when combined with Viloxazine. |
| Rucaparib | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Rucaparib. |
| Pipemidic acid | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Pipemidic acid. |
| Estradiol acetate | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Estradiol acetate. |
| Estradiol benzoate | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Estradiol benzoate. |
| Estradiol dienanthate | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Estradiol dienanthate. |
| Estradiol valerate | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Estradiol valerate. |
| Belinostat | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Belinostat. |
| Somatotropin | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Somatotropin. |
| Insulin pork | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Insulin pork. |
| Phenylephrine | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Phenylephrine. |
| Ritonavir | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Ritonavir. |
| Nafcillin | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Nafcillin. |
| Primaquine | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Primaquine. |
| Fosphenytoin | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Fosphenytoin. |
| NN344 | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with NN344. |
| Dovitinib | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Dovitinib. |
| Armodafinil | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Armodafinil. |
| beta-Naphthoflavone | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with beta-Naphthoflavone. |
| Capsaicin | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Capsaicin. |
| Stiripentol | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Stiripentol. |
| Methylene blue | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Methylene blue. |
| Insulin beef | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Insulin beef. |
| Insulin peglispro | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Insulin peglispro. |
| Insulin tregopil | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Insulin tregopil. |
| Pitolisant | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Pitolisant. |
| Somapacitan | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Somapacitan. |
| Trilaciclib | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Trilaciclib. |
| Lonapegsomatropin | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be increased when combined with Lonapegsomatropin. |
| Peginterferon alfa-2a | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Peginterferon alfa-2a. |
| Interferon alfa-n1 | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon alfa-n1. |
| Interferon alfa-n3 | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon alfa-n3. |
| Interferon gamma-1b | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon gamma-1b. |
| Interferon alfa-2a | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon alfa-2a. |
| Interferon beta-1a | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon beta-1a. |
| Interferon beta-1b | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon beta-1b. |
| Interferon alfacon-1 | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon alfacon-1. |
| Interferon alfa-2b | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Interferon alfa-2b. |
| Ticlopidine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Ticlopidine. |
| Valproic acid | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Valproic acid. |
| Grepafloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Grepafloxacin. |
| Promazine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Promazine. |
| Dronabinol | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Dronabinol. |
| Fluoxetine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Fluoxetine. |
| Pefloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Pefloxacin. |
| Methoxsalen | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Methoxsalen. |
| Efavirenz | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Efavirenz. |
| Dexmedetomidine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Dexmedetomidine. |
| Thiabendazole | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Thiabendazole. |
| Zileuton | The metabolism of Fezolinetant can be decreased when combined with Zileuton. |
| Methimazole | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Methimazole. |
| Nalidixic acid | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Nalidixic acid. |
| Rosoxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Rosoxacin. |
| Cinoxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Cinoxacin. |
| Isoniazid | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Isoniazid. |
| Norfloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Norfloxacin. |
| Atazanavir | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Atazanavir. |
| Tegaserod | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Tegaserod. |
| Amiodarone | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Amiodarone. |
| Gemifloxacin | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Gemifloxacin. |
| Orphenadrine | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Orphenadrine. |
| Propafenone | The serum concentration of Fezolinetant can be increased when it is combined with Propafenone. |