Peringatan Keamanan

Oral LD50 for Cr (VI) is 135 - 175 mg/kg in mouse and 46 - 113 mg/kg in rat ^L1982. Oral LD50 for Cr (III) in rat is >2000 mg/kg ^L1982. LD50 of chromium (III) oxide in rats is reported to be > 5g/kg ^L1983. Other LD50 values reported for rats include: 3.5 g/kg (CI 3.19-3.79 g/kg) for chromium sulphate; 11.3 g/kg for chromium (III) acetate; 3.3 g/kg for chromium nitrate; and 1.5 g/kg for chromium nitrate nonahydrate ^L1983.

Acute overdose of chromium is rare and seriously detrimental effects of hexavalent chromium are primarily the result of chronic low-level exposure ^L1982. In case of overdose with minimal toxicity following acute ingestion, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive ^L1982. There is no known antidote for chromium toxicity.

Hexavalent chromium is a Class A carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure and Class D by the oral route ^L1982. The oral lethal dose in humans has been estimated to be 1-3 g of Cr (VI); oral toxicity most likely involves gastrointestinal bleeding rather than systemic toxicity ^L1982. Chronic exposure may cause damage to the following organs: kidneys, lungs, liver, upper respiratory tract MSDS. Soluble chromium VI compounds are human carcinogens. Hexavalent chromium compounds were mutagenic in bacteria assays and caused chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. There have been associations of increased frequencies of chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes from chromate production workers ^L1981. In human cells in vitro, Cr (VI) caused chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and oxidative DNA damage ^L1982.

Chromic nitrate

DB14527

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 238.0108

Wujud -

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The elimination half-life of hexavalent chromium is 15 to 41 hours [L1982].

Volume Distribusi Absorbed chromium is distributed to all tissues of the body and its distribution in the body depends on the species, age, and chemical form [L1990]. Circulating Cr (III) following oral or parenteral administration of different compounds can be taken up by tissues and accumulates in the liver, kidney, spleen, soft tissue, and bone [L1986].

Klirens (Clearance) Excretion of chromium is via the kidneys ranges from 3 to 50 ?g/day [FDA Label]. The 24-hour urinary excretion rates for normal human subjects are reported to be 0.22 ?g/day [L1990].

Absorpsi

Chromium compounds are both absorbed by the lung and the gastrointestinal tract. Oral absorption of chromium compounds in humans can range between 0.5% and 10%, with the hexavalent (VI) chromium more easily absorbed than the trivalent (III) form ^L1982. Absorption of chromium from the intestinal tract is low, ranging from less than 0.4% to 2.5% of the amount consumed ^L1986. Vitamin C and the vitamin B niacin is reported to enhance chromium absorption ^L1986. Most hexavalent Cr (VI) undergoes partial intragastric reduction to Cr (III) upon absorption, which is an action mainly mediated by sulfhydryl groups of amino acids ^L1982. Cr (VI) readily penetrates cell membranes and chromium can be found in both erythrocytes and plasma after gastrointestinal absorption of Cr (IV). In comparison, the presence of chromium is limited to the plasma as Cr (III) displays poor cell membrane penetration ^L1982. Once transported through the cell membrane, Cr (VI) is rapidly reduced to Cr (III), which subsequently binds to macromolecules or conjugate with proteins. Cr (III) may be bound to transferrin or other plasma proteins, or as complexes, such as glucose tolerance factor (GTF).

Metabolisme

The metabolism of Cr (VI) involves reduction by small molecules and enzyme systems to generate Cr (III) and reactive intermediates. During this process, free radicals can be generated, which is thought to induce damage of cellular components and cause toxicity of chromium ^L1983. The metabolites bind to cellular constituents ^L1982.

Rute Eliminasi

Absorbed chromium is excreted mainly in the urine, accounting for 80% of total excretion of chromium; small amounts are lost in hair, perspiration and bile ^L1982. Chromium is excreted primarily in the urine by glomerular filtration or bound to a low molecular-weight organic transporter ^L1990.

Interaksi Obat

727 Data

Cyclosporine	Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Icosapent	Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotiam	Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Mesalazine	Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmenoxime	Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmetazole	Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Pamidronic acid	Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenofovir disoproxil	Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Indomethacin	Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cidofovir	Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpiramide	Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftazidime	Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Loracarbef	Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefalotin	Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Nabumetone	Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketorolac	Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenoxicam	Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Celecoxib	Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotaxime	Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Tolmetin	Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Foscarnet	Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Rofecoxib	Rofecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Piroxicam	Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Methotrexate	Methotrexate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalexin	Cephalexin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Fenoprofen	Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Valaciclovir	Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Valdecoxib	Valdecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Diclofenac	Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulindac	Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Bacitracin	Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Amphotericin B	Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephaloglycin	Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Flurbiprofen	Flurbiprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Adefovir dipivoxil	Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Pentamidine	Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Etodolac	Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Mefenamic acid	Mefenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Acyclovir	Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Naproxen	Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulfasalazine	Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Phenylbutazone	Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Meloxicam	Meloxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Carprofen	Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefaclor	Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Diflunisal	Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Tacrolimus	Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceforanide	Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Salicylic acid	Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Meclofenamic acid	Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Acetylsalicylic acid	Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Carboplatin	Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxaprozin	Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketoprofen	Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Balsalazide	Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ibuprofen	Ibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefditoren	Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Atazanavir	Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Colistimethate	Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefuroxime	Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefapirin	Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefadroxil	Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefprozil	Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftriaxone	Ceftriaxone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Olsalazine	Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Lumiracoxib	Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefamandole	Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefazolin	Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefonicid	Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoperazone	Cefoperazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotetan	Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoxitin	Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftizoxime	Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefradine	Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Magnesium salicylate	Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Salsalate	Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Choline magnesium trisalicylate	Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefepime	Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefacetrile	Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftibuten	Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpodoxime	Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Antrafenine	Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Aminophenazone	Aminophenazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Antipyrine	Antipyrine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Tiaprofenic acid	Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Lopinavir	Lopinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Etoricoxib	Etoricoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Hydrolyzed Cephalothin	Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalothin Group	Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxyphenbutazone	Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Latamoxef	Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Nimesulide	Nimesulide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Benoxaprofen	Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Metamizole	Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Zomepirac	Zomepirac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftobiprole	Ceftobiprole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Cimicoxib	Cimicoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftaroline fosamil	Ceftaroline fosamil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Lornoxicam	Lornoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.
Aceclofenac	Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromic nitrate which could result in a higher serum level.

Target Protein

Cytochrome b5 CYB5A

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 3886757
Wallach S: Clinical and biochemical aspects of chromium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr. 1985;4(1):107-20.
PMID: 10705100
Anderson RA: Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2000 Feb;26(1):22-7.
PMID: 22423897
Hua Y, Clark S, Ren J, Sreejayan N: Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Apr;23(4):313-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001.

Link

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 0 • International brands: 0

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Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

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