Peringatan Keamanan

The LD50 of ferric compounds vary. High concentrations of ferric iron from unstable and oversaturation of ferritin may lead to adverse events such as hypotension, nausea, vomiting, abdominal and lower back pain, peripheral edema and a metallic taste A32524.

Ferric cation

DB13949

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Iron is a transition metal with a symbol Fe and atomic number 26. By mass, it is the most common element on Earth. Iron is an essential element involved in various metabolic processes, including oxygen transport, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, and energy production in electron transport A32514. Resulting from inadequate supply of iron to cells due to depletion of stores, iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, particularly affecting children, women of childbearing age, and pregnant women L2257. Iron deficiency may be characterized without the development of anemia, and may result in functional impairments affecting cognitive development and immunity mechanisms, as well as infant or maternal mortality if it occurs during pregnancy A32514. The main therapeutic preparation of iron is DB13257, and iron-sucrose may also be given intravenously T28.

Iron exists in two oxidation states: the ferrous cation (Fe2+) and ferric cation (Fe3+). Non-haem iron in food is mainly in the ferric state, which is the insoluble form of iron, and must be reduced to the ferrous cation for absorption T28. Ferric citrate (tetraferric tricitrate decahydrate) is a phosphate binder indicated for the control of serum phosphorus levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 55.845
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The pharmacokinetic properties of ferric compounds vary.
Volume Distribusi Less than 65% of iron is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, mainly as ferritin and haemosiderin [T28]. The pharmacokinetic properties of ferric compounds vary.
Klirens (Clearance) The rate of iron loss is approximately 1 mg/day [A32514]. The pharmacokinetic properties of ferric compounds vary.

Absorpsi

Iron absorption and systemic iron homeostasis are regulated by hepcidin, which is a peptide hormone that also regulates the activity of the iron-efflux protein, ferroportin-1 A32514. Iron is mostly absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum L2258. Fe3+ displays low solubility at the neutral pH of the intestine and is mainly be converted to ferrous iron (Fe2+) by ferric reductases T28, as ferric salts are only half as well absorbed as ferrous salts L2258. Once converted in the intestinal lumen, Fe+2 is transported across the apical membrane of enterocytes A32514. The absorption rate of non-haem iron is 2-20% A32514. Stored iron may be liberated via ferroportin-mediated efflux, which is coupled by reoxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by ceruloplasmin in the serum or hephaestin in the enterocyte membrane A32524. Fe3+ subsequently binds to transferrin, which keeps ferric cation in a redox-inert state and delivers it into tissues A32514. It is proposed that there may be separate cellular uptake pathways for ferrous iron and ferric iron. While ferrous iron is primarily carried by divalent metal transporter-1 (DMAT-1), cellular uptake of ferric iron is predominantly mediated by beta-3 integrin and mobilferrin, which is also referred to as calreticulin in some sources as a homologue A32507. However, the most dominant pathway in humans is unclear A32507.

Metabolisme

Ferric cation is converted to ferrous iron by duodenal cytochrome B reductase. Ferritin may also convert ferric to ferrous iron A32525.

Rute Eliminasi

Iron is predominantly conserved in the body with no physiologic mechanism for excretion of excess iron from the body, other than blood loss A32514. The pharmacokinetic properties of ferric compounds vary.

Interaksi Makanan

2 Data
  • 1. Avoid milk and dairy products.
  • 2. Take with food. Take ferric cation with or just after meals.

Interaksi Obat

129 Data
Moxifloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Moxifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Grepafloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Grepafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enoxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pefloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ciprofloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Trovafloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Trovafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nalidixic acid Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nalidixic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rosoxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rosoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Cinoxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cinoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lomefloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lomefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Gatifloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Gatifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Norfloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Norfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Levofloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Levofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Gemifloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Gemifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ofloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sparfloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sparfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Temafloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Temafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Fleroxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Fleroxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Garenoxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Garenoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nemonoxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nemonoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Flumequine Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Flumequine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enrofloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enrofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Orbifloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Orbifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarafloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sarafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Difloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Difloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pazufloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pazufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Prulifloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Prulifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Delafloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Delafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sitafloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sitafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxolinic acid Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Oxolinic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rufloxacin Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pipemidic acid Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pipemidic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Dimercaprol Dimercaprol may increase the nephrotoxic activities of Ferric cation.
Cefdinir Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cefdinir resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Deferiprone Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Deferiprone resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Dolutegravir Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Dolutegravir resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Eltrombopag Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Eltrombopag resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Levodopa The bioavailability of Levodopa can be decreased when combined with Ferric cation.
Levothyroxine Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Levothyroxine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Methyldopa Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Methyldopa resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Penicillamine Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Penicillamine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lipoic acid Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lipoic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Doxycycline Doxycycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lymecycline Lymecycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Clomocycline Clomocycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxytetracycline Oxytetracycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Demeclocycline Demeclocycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Tetracycline Tetracycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Metacycline Metacycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Minocycline Minocycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarecycline Sarecycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Omadacycline Omadacycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Penimepicycline Penimepicycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Triethylenetetramine Triethylenetetramine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pancrelipase Pancrelipase can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium oxide Magnesium oxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum hydroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magaldrate Magaldrate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium trisilicate Magnesium trisilicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium silicate Magnesium silicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminium acetoacetate Aluminium acetoacetate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Hydrotalcite Hydrotalcite can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium peroxide Magnesium peroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Almasilate Almasilate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminium glycinate Aluminium glycinate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aloglutamol Aloglutamol can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Calcium silicate Calcium silicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminium phosphate Aluminium phosphate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pantoprazole Pantoprazole can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lansoprazole Lansoprazole can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Esomeprazole Esomeprazole can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rabeprazole Rabeprazole can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Dexrabeprazole Dexrabeprazole can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Vonoprazan Vonoprazan can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Olanzapine Olanzapine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Cimetidine Cimetidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nizatidine Nizatidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ranitidine Ranitidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Famotidine Famotidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Methantheline Methantheline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Promethazine Promethazine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Doxepin Doxepin can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Asenapine Asenapine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Metiamide Metiamide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Roxatidine acetate Roxatidine acetate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lafutidine Lafutidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lavoltidine Lavoltidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Niperotidine Niperotidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Epinastine Epinastine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferric cation resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pamidronic acid Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pamidronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Zoledronic acid Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Zoledronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Alendronic acid Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Alendronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ibandronate Ferric cation can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ibandronate resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

Target Protein

Transferrin receptor protein 1 TFRC
Iron(3+)-hydroxamate-binding protein FhuD fhuD

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 24778671
    Abbaspour N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R: Review on iron and its importance for human health. J Res Med Sci. 2014 Feb;19(2):164-74.
  • PMID: 15941392
    Ouameur AA, Arakawa H, Ahmad R, Naoui M, Tajmir-Riahi HA: A Comparative study of Fe(II) and Fe(III) interactions with DNA duplex: major and minor grooves bindings. DNA Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;24(6):394-401. doi: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.394.
  • PMID: 7934822
    Chen CY, Berish SA, Morse SA, Mietzner TA: The ferric iron-binding protein of pathogenic Neisseria spp. functions as a periplasmic transport protein in iron acquisition from human transferrin. Mol Microbiol. 1993 Oct;10(2):311-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01957.x.
  • PMID: 11005764
    Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Moore EG, Hainsworth LN, Porubcin M, Simovich MJ, Nakada MT, Dolan K, Garrick MD: Separate pathways for cellular uptake of ferric and ferrous iron. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2000 Oct;279(4):G767-74. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.4.G767.
  • PMID: 24310424
    Geisser P, Burckhardt S: The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of iron preparations. Pharmaceutics. 2011 Jan 4;3(1):12-33. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3010012.
  • PMID: 25053935
    Waldvogel-Abramowski S, Waeber G, Gassner C, Buser A, Frey BM, Favrat B, Tissot JD: Physiology of iron metabolism. Transfus Med Hemother. 2014 Jun;41(3):213-21. doi: 10.1159/000362888. Epub 2014 May 12.
Textbook
  • ISBN: 978-0-7020-3471-8
    25. (2012). In Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed., pp. 310-312). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.

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