Oral LD50 of atropine is 75 mg/kg in mouse. Clinical manifestations of anticholinergic syndrome include both central and peripheral effects. Central symptoms, which are dose-dependent and anticholinergic agent-specific, include ataxia, disorientation, short-term memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, psychosis, agitated delirium, seizures, coma, respiratory failure or cardiovascular collapse A32494. Peripheral effects include mydriasis with cycloplegia, dry mucous membranes, hyperreflexia, flushed skin, diminished bowel sounds or ileus, urinary retention, tachycardia, and hypertension or hypotension A32494. Management of anticholinergic intoxication should be symptomatic including gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal A32494. The antidote for belladonna poisoning is DB00981, which is the same as for atropine A32494. Physosigmine crosses the blood-brain barrier and reversibly inhibits anticholinesterase. Benzodiazepines are frequently used for sedation to control anticholinergic effects including delirium and agitation A32497.
Belladonna, also known as atropa belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its roots, leaves and fruits contain DB00424, DB00747, and mostly, DB00572. These alkaloids are naturally-occurring muscarinic antagonists. DB00572 is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist that is mainly used as an adjunct for anaesthesia. The name "belladonna" originates from the Italian words "beautiful woman" and the historical use of herb eye-drops by women to dilate the pupils of the eyes for aesthetic purposes. Belladonna is a poisonous plant and belladonna intoxication from accidental ingestion may result in a severe anticholinergic syndrome, which is associated with both central and peripheral manifestations A32494.
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.
| Aclidinium | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Aclidinium. |
| Mianserin | Mianserin may increase the anticholinergic activities of Belladonna. |
| Mirabegron | The risk or severity of urinary retention can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Mirabegron. |
| Potassium chloride | The risk or severity of gastrointestinal ulceration can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Potassium chloride. |
| Pramlintide | The risk or severity of reduced gastrointestinal motility can be increased when Pramlintide is combined with Belladonna. |
| Secretin porcine | The therapeutic efficacy of Secretin porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Belladonna. |
| Tiotropium | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Tiotropium. |
| Topiramate | The risk or severity of hyperthermia and oligohydrosis can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Topiramate. |
| Umeclidinium | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Umeclidinium. |
| Glycopyrronium | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Glycopyrronium. |
| Botulinum toxin type A | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Botulinum toxin type A. |
| Glucagon | Belladonna may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon. |
| Sulpiride | Belladonna may increase the anticholinergic activities of Sulpiride. |
| Botulinum toxin type B | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Botulinum toxin type B. |
| Eluxadoline | The risk or severity of constipation can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Eluxadoline. |
| Ramosetron | The risk or severity of constipation can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Ramosetron. |
| Tramadol | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Tramadol. |
| Morphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Morphine. |
| Codeine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Codeine. |
| Hydromorphone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Hydromorphone. |
| Methadone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Methadone. |
| Meperidine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Meperidine. |
| Oxycodone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Oxycodone. |
| Butorphanol | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Butorphanol. |
| Dextropropoxyphene | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Dextropropoxyphene. |
| Pentazocine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Pentazocine. |
| Naltrexone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Naltrexone. |
| Sufentanil | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Sufentanil. |
| Alfentanil | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Alfentanil. |
| Fentanyl | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Fentanyl. |
| Nalbuphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Nalbuphine. |
| Levorphanol | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Levorphanol. |
| Remifentanil | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Remifentanil. |
| Buprenorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Buprenorphine. |
| Hydrocodone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Hydrocodone. |
| Diphenoxylate | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Diphenoxylate. |
| Oxymorphone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Oxymorphone. |
| Dezocine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Dezocine. |
| Levacetylmethadol | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Levacetylmethadol. |
| Methadyl acetate | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Methadyl acetate. |
| Dihydroetorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Dihydroetorphine. |
| Diamorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Diamorphine. |
| Bezitramide | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Bezitramide. |
| Ethylmorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Ethylmorphine. |
| Etorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Etorphine. |
| Dextromoramide | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Dextromoramide. |
| Desomorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Desomorphine. |
| Carfentanil | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Carfentanil. |
| Dihydrocodeine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Dihydrocodeine. |
| Alphacetylmethadol | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Alphacetylmethadol. |
| Dihydromorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Dihydromorphine. |
| Tapentadol | The risk or severity of urinary retention and constipation can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Tapentadol. |
| Ketobemidone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Ketobemidone. |
| DPDPE | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with DPDPE. |
| Naloxegol | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Naloxegol. |
| Lofentanil | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Lofentanil. |
| Normethadone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Normethadone. |
| Piritramide | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Piritramide. |
| Alphaprodine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Alphaprodine. |
| Nicomorphine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Nicomorphine. |
| Meptazinol | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Meptazinol. |
| Phenoperidine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Phenoperidine. |
| Phenazocine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Phenazocine. |
| Tilidine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Tilidine. |
| Oliceridine | The risk or severity of urinary retention, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and constipation can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Oliceridine. |
| Carfentanil, C-11 | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Carfentanil, C-11. |
| Benzhydrocodone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Benzhydrocodone. |
| Trospium | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trospium is combined with Belladonna. |
| Oxyphenonium | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Oxyphenonium is combined with Belladonna. |
| Butabarbital | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Butabarbital is combined with Belladonna. |
| Butalbital | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Butalbital is combined with Belladonna. |
| Benzatropine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Benzatropine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Ziprasidone | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ziprasidone is combined with Belladonna. |
| Disopyramide | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Disopyramide is combined with Belladonna. |
| Talbutal | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Talbutal is combined with Belladonna. |
| Amitriptyline | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Amitriptyline. |
| Ipratropium | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Ipratropium. |
| Olanzapine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Olanzapine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Metixene | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metixene is combined with Belladonna. |
| Terfenadine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Terfenadine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Buclizine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Buclizine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Clozapine | The risk or severity of reduced gastrointestinal motility can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Clozapine. |
| Doxylamine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Doxylamine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Trihexyphenidyl | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trihexyphenidyl is combined with Belladonna. |
| Oxyphencyclimine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Oxyphencyclimine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Procyclidine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Procyclidine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Profenamine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Profenamine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Metocurine iodide | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metocurine iodide is combined with Belladonna. |
| Secobarbital | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Secobarbital is combined with Belladonna. |
| Promazine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Promazine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Hyoscyamine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hyoscyamine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Cyproheptadine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cyproheptadine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Imipramine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Belladonna is combined with Imipramine. |
| Methscopolamine bromide | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methscopolamine bromide is combined with Belladonna. |
| Metharbital | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metharbital is combined with Belladonna. |
| Fluoxetine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fluoxetine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Chlorpromazine | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorpromazine is combined with Belladonna. |
| Gallamine triethiodide | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Gallamine triethiodide is combined with Belladonna. |
| Darifenacin | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Darifenacin is combined with Belladonna. |
| Tridihexethyl | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tridihexethyl is combined with Belladonna. |