Peringatan Keamanan

Glycyrrhizic acid is thought to generate inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the kidney which leads to elevated cortisol levels in the kidney. Intravenous administration of the ammoniated form was shown to produce convulsions and hemolysis.F79

Preclinical overdose studies have been shown to produce mineralocorticoid excess. The LD50 in preclinical studies was reported to be in the range of 308-12700 mg/kg.F79

Glycyrrhizic acid has been proven to not have mutagenic, genotoxic, teratogenic nor carcinogenic effects.F79

Glycyrrhizic acid

DB13751

small molecule approved experimental

Deskripsi

Glycyrrhizic acid is extracted from the root of the licorice plant; Glycyrrhiza glabra.F79 It is a triterpene glycoside with glycyrrhetinic acid that possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. When extracted from the plant, it can be obtained in the form of ammonium glycyrrhizin and mono-ammonium glycyrrhizin.T204 Glycyrrhizic acid has been developed in Japan and China as a hepatoprotective drug in cases of chronic hepatitis.A33062 From January 2014, glycyrrhizic acid as part of the licorice extract was approved by the FDA as an existing food sweetener.F80 It was approved by Health Canada to be used in over-the-counter products but all the products are currently on the status canceled post marketed.L1113

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 822.942
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Depending on the dose, the second elimination phase in humans has a half-life of 3.5 hours.[A33066]
Volume Distribusi The apparent volume of distribution of glycyrrhizic acid either in the central compartment and in steady-state are in the range of 37-64 ml/kg and 59-98 ml/kg, respectively.[A33067]
Klirens (Clearance) The constant reabsorption of glycyrrhetic acid in the duodenum causes a delay in the terminal plasma clearance.[A33064] The reported total body clearance of glycyrrhizic acid is reported to be in the range of 16-25 ml.kg/h.[A33067]

Absorpsi

Glycyrrhizic acid is mainly absorbed after presystemic hydrolysis and formation of glycyrrhetinic acid.A33064 Therefore, after oral administration of a dose of 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid, this major metabolite appears in plasma in a concentration of 200 ng/ml while glycyrrhizic acid cannot be found. The finding of a minimal amount of glycyrrhizic acid in urine suggests the existence of a partial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.A33067

Metabolisme

When orally administered, glycyrrhizic acid is almost completely hydrolyzed by intestinal bacteria for the formation of glycyrrhetinic acid, which is an active metabolite and can enter systemic circulation, and two molecules of glucuronic acid.F79 This metabolite is transported and taken in the liver for its metabolization to form glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.A33064

Rute Eliminasi

Glycyrrhizic acid presents a biphasic elimination from the central compartment with a dose-dependent second elimination phase. The majority of the administered dose is eliminated by the bile in which glycyrrhizic acid can be eliminated unchanged and undergoes enterohepatic cycling.A33066 On the other hand, the major metabolite, glycyrrhetinic acid, forms glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. These conjugates are efficiently transported into the bile and duodenum where commensal bacteria hydrolizes the conjugate for the formation of glycyrrhetinic acid and further reabsorption.A33064 This reabsorption behavior seems to be related to the activity of 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which transports very efficiently the metabolite from the plasma to the bile.A33068 About 1.1-2.5% of the administered dose of glycyrrhizic acid can be found in urine which corresponds to the minimal cycling and reabsorption of this compound.A33067

Interaksi Obat

89 Data
Cyclosporine Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Troglitazone Troglitazone may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Erythromycin Erythromycin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Reserpine Reserpine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Progesterone Progesterone may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Celecoxib Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cimetidine Cimetidine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Bosentan Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tamoxifen Tamoxifen may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Quinidine Quinidine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tipranavir Tipranavir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ethinylestradiol Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Glyburide Glyburide may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketoconazole Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cholic Acid Cholic Acid may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Fusidic acid Fusidic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Simeprevir Simeprevir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Lenvatinib Lenvatinib may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Valinomycin Valinomycin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Olmesartan Olmesartan may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Pralsetinib Pralsetinib may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Phenobarbital Phenobarbital may increase the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Dexamethasone Dexamethasone may increase the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic acid may increase the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Taurocholic acid Taurocholic acid may increase the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Dexamethasone acetate Dexamethasone acetate may increase the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
Pravastatin Pravastatin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nelfinavir Nelfinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Glimepiride Glimepiride may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Indinavir Indinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ranolazine Ranolazine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Isradipine Isradipine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Flucloxacillin Flucloxacillin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Indomethacin Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Atenolol Atenolol may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Terfenadine Terfenadine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Rosiglitazone Rosiglitazone may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cerivastatin Cerivastatin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Loratadine Loratadine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ritonavir Ritonavir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Atropine Atropine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Diclofenac Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Imatinib Imatinib may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nicardipine Nicardipine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Efavirenz Efavirenz may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Simvastatin Simvastatin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Fluorescein Fluorescein may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Naproxen Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Disulfiram Disulfiram may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefaclor Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Mifepristone Mifepristone may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tinidazole Tinidazole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Repaglinide Repaglinide may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Telmisartan Telmisartan may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ezetimibe Ezetimibe may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Dipyridamole Dipyridamole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Felodipine Felodipine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Fenofibrate Fenofibrate may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nitrendipine Nitrendipine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Glipizide Glipizide may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Atazanavir Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Atorvastatin Atorvastatin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Rosuvastatin Rosuvastatin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nifedipine Nifedipine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nefazodone Nefazodone may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ofloxacin Ofloxacin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Clarithromycin Clarithromycin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Budesonide Budesonide may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Saquinavir Saquinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Prasterone sulfate Prasterone sulfate may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Indocyanine green acid form Indocyanine green acid form may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Benzbromarone Benzbromarone may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Pilsicainide Pilsicainide may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocristine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Belantamab mafodotin Glycyrrhizic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Belantamab mafodotin which could result in a higher serum level.
Vinblastine Vinblastine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Vincristine Vincristine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Astemizole Astemizole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Doxorubicin Doxorubicin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Digoxin Digoxin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Paclitaxel Paclitaxel may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Target Protein

11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 HSD11B1
Tumor necrosis factor TNF
Caspase-3 CASP3
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B NFKB2
Lipoprotein lipase LPL

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 24963489
    Li JY, Cao HY, Liu P, Cheng GH, Sun MY: Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: literature review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:872139. doi: 10.1155/2014/872139. Epub 2014 May 13.
  • PMID: 23678825
    Ming LJ, Yin AC: Therapeutic effects of glycyrrhizic acid. Nat Prod Commun. 2013 Mar;8(3):415-8.
  • PMID: 11495500
    Ploeger B, Mensinga T, Sips A, Seinen W, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J: The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metab Rev. 2001 May;33(2):125-47. doi: 10.1081/DMR-100104400 .
  • PMID: 8191540
    Krahenbuhl S, Hasler F, Krapf R: Analysis and pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in humans and experimental animals. Steroids. 1994 Feb;59(2):121-6.
  • PMID: 1432618
    Yamamura Y, Kawakami J, Santa T, Kotaki H, Uchino K, Sawada Y, Tanaka N, Iga T: Pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method. J Pharm Sci. 1992 Oct;81(10):1042-6.
  • PMID: 10652246
    Ploeger BA, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of glycyrrhizic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Feb 1;162(3):177-88. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8843.
  • PMID: 3378305
    Ishida S, Ichikawa T, Sakiya Y: Binding of glycyrrhetinic acid to rat plasma, rat serum albumin, human serum, and human serum albumin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1988 Jan;36(1):440-3.
Textbook
  • Gloria M. (2003). Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
  • Sharma M., Dwivedi P., Singh A. and Dwivedi A. (2016). Nutraceuticals. Academic Press.

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