Peringatan Keamanan

Oral LD50 is 9100 mg/kg in the rat.L50241

Excess magnesium from dietary sources does not pose a health risk in healthy individuals because the kidneys eliminate excess amounts of magnesium in the urine. On the other hand, high doses of magnesium from dietary supplements or medications often result in diarrhea that can be combined with nausea and abdominal cramping. Forms of magnesium most commonly reported to cause diarrhea include magnesium carbonate, chloride, gluconate, and oxide. Diarrheal and laxative effects of magnesium salts are due to the osmotic activity of unabsorbed salts in the intestine and colon and the stimulation of gastric motility L2606.

Hypermagnesaemia after oral ingestion is uncommon except in patients with renal impairment. Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia may include respiratory depression, loss of deep tendon reflexes due to neuromuscular blockade, nausea, vomiting, flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, bradycardia and muscle weakness.

Very high doses of magnesium-containing laxatives and antacids (normally providing more than 5,000 mg/day magnesium) have been associated with the occurrence of magnesium toxicity, including fatal hypermagnesemia in a 28-month-old boy as well as an elderly man. Symptoms of magnesium toxicity, normally presenting at concentrations of 1.74–2.61 mmol/L, may include hypotension, nausea, vomiting, facial flushing, retention of urine, ileus, depression, and lethargy before progressing to muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, extreme hypotension, irregular heartbeat, and cardiac arrest. The risk of magnesium toxicity increases with compromised renal function or kidney failure because the ability to remove excess magnesium is reduced or lost L2601.

Treatment: In patients with normal renal function, IV fluids or furosemide may be administered to promote the excretion of magnesium. In patients with symptomatic hypermagnesaemia, slow IV injection of calcium gluconate can be administered to antagonize the cardiac and neuromuscular effects of magnesium L2606.

Magnesium gluconate

DB13749

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

Magnesium gluconate is a magnesium salt of gluconate. It demonstrates the highest oral bioavailability of magnesium salts L2608 and is used as a mineral supplement. Magnesium is ubiquitous in the human body, and is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as a dietary supplement and used as an ingredient in some medicines (such as antacids and laxatives) L2601.

Although magnesium is available in the form of sulphates, lactate, hydroxide, oxide and chloride, only magnesium gluconate is recommended for magnesium supplementation as it appears to be better absorbed and causes less diarrha A32821.

This drug has been studied in the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, and has displayed promising results A32807. In addition, it has been studied for its effects on premature uterine contractions A32808.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 450.629
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) -
Volume Distribusi About 60% of the magnesium is present in bone, of which 30% is exchangeable and functions as a reservoir to stabilize the serum concentration. About 20% is found in skeletal muscle, 19% in other soft tissues and less than 1% in the extracellular fluid. Skeletal muscle and liver contain between 7–9 mmol/Kg wet tissue; between 20–30% of this is readily exchangeable. In healthy adults, the total serum magnesium is in the range of 0.70 and 1.10 mmol/L. Approximately 20% of this is protein bound, 65% is ionized and the rest is combined with various anions such as phosphate and citrate [A32821].
Klirens (Clearance) The kidney plays a major role in magnesium homeostasis and the maintenance of plasma magnesium concentration. Under normal circumstances, when 80% of the total plasma magnesium is ultrafiltrable, 84 mmol of magnesium is filtered daily and 95% of this amount it reabsorbed leaving about 3–5 mmol to be excreted in the urine [A32821].

Absorpsi

A high-fat diet may decrease the amount of magnesium absorbed in the diet. Over-cooking food also may decrease the amount of magnesium absorbed from dietary sources L2602. About 1/3 of magnesium is absorbed from the small intestine. The fraction of magnesium absorbed is inversely proportional to amount ingested L2606. Oral absorption is estimated to be 15% to 30% L2604.

Metabolisme

Data metabolisme tidak tersedia.

Rute Eliminasi

Oral: Via urine (absorbed fraction); feces (unabsorbed fraction) L2606. Phosphate depletion is associated with a significant increase in urinary magnesium excretion and may lead to hypomagnesemia. Hypercalcemia is associated with an increased urinary excretion of magnesium. The increase in magnesium excretion in hypercalcemia is greater than the increase in calcium excretion and is due to decreased reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Hypercalcaemia leads to a reduction in isotonic reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule causing greater delivery of sodium, water, calcium and magnesium to the loop of Henle. As a result of this increased flow to thick ascending loop of henle, calcium and magnesium transport may be inhibited. In addition, the high peritubular concentration of calcium directly inhibits the transport of both ions in this segment A32821. Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol and glucose cause a marked increase in magnesium excretion. Loop diuretics induce hypermagnesuria, and the increase in magnesium excretion is greater than that of sodium or calcium suggesting that loop diuretics may directly inhibit magnesium transport A32821.

Interaksi Obat

247 Data
Succinylcholine The therapeutic efficacy of Succinylcholine can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Metocurine iodide The therapeutic efficacy of Metocurine iodide can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Gallamine triethiodide The therapeutic efficacy of Gallamine triethiodide can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Cisatracurium Magnesium gluconate may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Cisatracurium.
Rocuronium The therapeutic efficacy of Rocuronium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Atracurium besylate The therapeutic efficacy of Atracurium besylate can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Doxacurium The therapeutic efficacy of Doxacurium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Mivacurium The therapeutic efficacy of Mivacurium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Decamethonium The therapeutic efficacy of Decamethonium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Metocurine The therapeutic efficacy of Metocurine can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Pancuronium The therapeutic efficacy of Pancuronium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Pipecuronium The therapeutic efficacy of Pipecuronium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Vecuronium The therapeutic efficacy of Vecuronium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Rapacuronium The therapeutic efficacy of Rapacuronium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Pyrantel The therapeutic efficacy of Pyrantel can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Neosaxitoxin The therapeutic efficacy of Neosaxitoxin can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Atracurium The therapeutic efficacy of Atracurium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Gallamine The therapeutic efficacy of Gallamine can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Alcuronium The therapeutic efficacy of Alcuronium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Tubocurarine The therapeutic efficacy of Tubocurarine can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium gluconate.
Calcitriol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Calcitriol.
Calcifediol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Calcifediol.
Ergocalciferol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Ergocalciferol.
Paricalcitol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Paricalcitol.
Dihydrotachysterol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Dihydrotachysterol.
Alfacalcidol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Alfacalcidol.
Seocalcitol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Seocalcitol.
Inecalcitol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Inecalcitol.
Becocalcidiol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Becocalcidiol.
Eldecalcitol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Eldecalcitol.
1alpha,24S-Dihydroxyvitamin D2 The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with 1alpha,24S-Dihydroxyvitamin D2.
Elocalcitol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Elocalcitol.
Maxacalcitol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Maxacalcitol.
Doxercalciferol The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Doxercalciferol.
1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D5 The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with 1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D5.
Previtamin D(3) The serum concentration of Magnesium gluconate can be increased when it is combined with Previtamin D(3).
Deferiprone Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Deferiprone resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Eltrombopag Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Eltrombopag resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Raltegravir Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Raltegravir resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Deferasirox Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Deferasirox resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Halofantrine Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Halofantrine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Misoprostol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Misoprostol.
Moxifloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Moxifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Grepafloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Grepafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enoxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pefloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ciprofloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Trovafloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Trovafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nalidixic acid Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nalidixic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rosoxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rosoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Cinoxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cinoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lomefloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lomefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Gatifloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Gatifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Norfloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Norfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Levofloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Levofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ofloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sparfloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sparfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Temafloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Temafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Fleroxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Fleroxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Garenoxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Garenoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nemonoxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nemonoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Flumequine Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Flumequine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enrofloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enrofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Orbifloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Orbifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarafloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sarafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Difloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Difloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pazufloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pazufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Prulifloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Prulifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Delafloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Delafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sitafloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sitafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxolinic acid Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Oxolinic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rufloxacin Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pipemidic acid Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pipemidic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lymecycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lymecycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Clomocycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Clomocycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxytetracycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Oxytetracycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Demeclocycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Demeclocycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Tetracycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Tetracycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Metacycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Metacycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Minocycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Minocycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarecycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sarecycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Omadacycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Omadacycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Penimepicycline Magnesium gluconate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Penimepicycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Isradipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Isradipine.
Diltiazem The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Diltiazem.
Trimethadione The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Trimethadione.
Amlodipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Amlodipine.
Nimodipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Nimodipine.
Nisoldipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Nisoldipine.
Lercanidipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Lercanidipine.
Cinnarizine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Cinnarizine.
Ethosuximide The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Ethosuximide.
Nicardipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Nicardipine.
Magnesium sulfate The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Magnesium sulfate.
Verapamil The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Verapamil.
Zonisamide The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Zonisamide.
Felodipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Felodipine.
Nitrendipine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Nitrendipine.
Perhexiline The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Magnesium gluconate is combined with Perhexiline.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 9642379
    Li S, Tian H: Oral low-dose magnesium gluconate preventing pregnancy induced hypertension. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 1997 Oct;32(10):613-5.
  • PMID: 9610075
    Martin RW, Perry KG Jr, Martin JN Jr, Seago DP, Roberts WE, Morrison JC: Oral magnesium for tocolysis: a comparison of magnesium gluconate and enteric-coated magnesium chloride. J Miss State Med Assoc. 1998 May;39(5):180-2.
  • PMID: 26404370
    Grober U, Schmidt J, Kisters K: Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi: 10.3390/nu7095388.
  • PMID: 24696187
    Makrides M, Crosby DD, Bain E, Crowther CA: Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 3;(4):CD000937. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000937.pub2.
  • PMID: 16548135
    Coudray C, Rambeau M, Feillet-Coudray C, Gueux E, Tressol JC, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y: Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach. Magnes Res. 2005 Dec;18(4):215-23.
  • PMID: 18568054
    Swaminathan R: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66.
Attachment

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 8 • International brands: 0
Produk
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    Tablet • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
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    Liquid • 114 mg / 15 mL • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
  • Multi Pro
    Capsule • - • Oral • US
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    Liquid • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
  • Swiss One Timed Release Tab
    Tablet, extended release • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved

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