Peringatan Keamanan

The components of tyrothricin are capable of disrupting eukaryotic cell membranes at high concentrations resulting in toxicity A32878. This manifests as hemolysis in systemic administration. It is thought that the cholesterol present in eukaryotic cells affords some resistance to the toxic mechanisms of tyrothricin A32877. Loss of olfactory function has been noted and topical administration to the nasal mucous membranes is not recommended A32843.

Tyrothricin

DB13503

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Tyrothricin is an antibiotic peptide complex produced and extracted from the aerobic Gram-positive bacillus Brevibacillus parabrevis L4019, L4021, A32851 which was previously categorized as Bacillus brevis and Bacillus aneurinolyticus A36353. This complex is a mixture comprised of 60% tyrocidine cationic cyclic decapeptides (consisting largely of the six predominant tyrocidines, TrcA/A1, TrcB/B1, TrcC/C1, and other more minor contributors) and 40% neutral linear gramicidins (where valine-gramicidin A is often the major gramicidin present, although the mixture composition can vary) L4019, L4021, L4022. Moreover, tyrothricin possesses broad spectrum Gram-positive antibacterial and antifungal activity that has not seen many - if any - significant reportings of microbial resistance during the over 60 years of therapeutic use the complex has provided A36360. Nevertheless, as tyrothricin is both cytolytic and hemolytic, it does demonstrate systemic toxicity L4019, L4021, L4022, although certain formulations that are safe for human use like throat lozenges do exist L4028.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Struktur tidak tersedia

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: ObatTargetGenEnzim(Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi)TransporterCarrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) -
Volume Distribusi -
Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

The lack of water solubility prevents absorption of tyrothricin through the skin. It is not used through other routes due to toxicity concerns A32843.

Metabolisme

Data metabolisme tidak tersedia.

Rute Eliminasi

Data eliminasi belum tersedia.

Interaksi Obat

339 Data
Dipyridamole The therapeutic efficacy of Tyrothricin can be decreased when used in combination with Dipyridamole.
Ephedrine Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Ephedrine.
Bambuterol Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Bambuterol.
Clevidipine Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Clevidipine.
Sar9, Met (O2)11-Substance P Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Sar9, Met (O2)11-Substance P.
Mirabegron Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Mirabegron.
Moxisylyte Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Moxisylyte.
Propacetamol Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Propacetamol.
Procaine The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Tyrothricin is combined with Procaine.
Cocaine The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Tyrothricin is combined with Cocaine.
Trimethaphan Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Trimethaphan.
Doxacurium Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Doxacurium.
Chloroprocaine The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Tyrothricin is combined with Chloroprocaine.
Tubocurarine Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Tubocurarine.
Aclidinium Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Aclidinium.
Butyrylthiocholine Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Butyrylthiocholine.
Oxybuprocaine The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Tyrothricin is combined with Oxybuprocaine.
Benzonatate Tyrothricin may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Benzonatate.
Succinylcholine The metabolism of Succinylcholine can be decreased when combined with Tyrothricin.
Picosulfuric acid The therapeutic efficacy of Picosulfuric acid can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Tramadol The therapeutic efficacy of Tramadol can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Trospium The therapeutic efficacy of Trospium can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Oxyphenonium The therapeutic efficacy of Oxyphenonium can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Butabarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Butabarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Butalbital The therapeutic efficacy of Butalbital can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Benzatropine The therapeutic efficacy of Benzatropine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Ziprasidone The therapeutic efficacy of Ziprasidone can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Disopyramide The therapeutic efficacy of Disopyramide can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Talbutal The therapeutic efficacy of Talbutal can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Pentobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Pentobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Amitriptyline The therapeutic efficacy of Amitriptyline can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Ipratropium The therapeutic efficacy of Ipratropium can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Methadone The therapeutic efficacy of Methadone can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Olanzapine The therapeutic efficacy of Olanzapine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Metixene The therapeutic efficacy of Metixene can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Terfenadine The therapeutic efficacy of Terfenadine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Buclizine The therapeutic efficacy of Buclizine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Clozapine The therapeutic efficacy of Clozapine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Doxylamine The therapeutic efficacy of Doxylamine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Trihexyphenidyl The therapeutic efficacy of Trihexyphenidyl can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Oxyphencyclimine The therapeutic efficacy of Oxyphencyclimine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Procyclidine The therapeutic efficacy of Procyclidine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Profenamine The therapeutic efficacy of Profenamine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Secobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Secobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Promazine The therapeutic efficacy of Promazine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Hyoscyamine The therapeutic efficacy of Hyoscyamine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Cyproheptadine The therapeutic efficacy of Cyproheptadine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Imipramine The therapeutic efficacy of Imipramine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Methscopolamine bromide The therapeutic efficacy of Methscopolamine bromide can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Metharbital The therapeutic efficacy of Metharbital can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Fluoxetine The therapeutic efficacy of Fluoxetine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Chlorpromazine The therapeutic efficacy of Chlorpromazine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Darifenacin The therapeutic efficacy of Darifenacin can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Tridihexethyl The therapeutic efficacy of Tridihexethyl can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Triflupromazine The therapeutic efficacy of Triflupromazine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Dextromethorphan The therapeutic efficacy of Dextromethorphan can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Anisotropine methylbromide The therapeutic efficacy of Anisotropine methylbromide can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Nortriptyline The therapeutic efficacy of Nortriptyline can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Amoxapine The therapeutic efficacy of Amoxapine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Atropine The therapeutic efficacy of Atropine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Thiopental The therapeutic efficacy of Thiopental can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Nicardipine The therapeutic efficacy of Nicardipine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Mecamylamine The therapeutic efficacy of Mecamylamine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Pirenzepine The therapeutic efficacy of Pirenzepine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Paroxetine The therapeutic efficacy of Paroxetine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Homatropine methylbromide The therapeutic efficacy of Homatropine methylbromide can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Scopolamine The therapeutic efficacy of Scopolamine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Isoflurane The therapeutic efficacy of Isoflurane can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Benzquinamide The therapeutic efficacy of Benzquinamide can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Clidinium The therapeutic efficacy of Clidinium can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Propiomazine The therapeutic efficacy of Propiomazine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Propantheline The therapeutic efficacy of Propantheline can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Primidone The therapeutic efficacy of Primidone can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Dicyclomine The therapeutic efficacy of Dicyclomine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Biperiden The therapeutic efficacy of Biperiden can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Brompheniramine The therapeutic efficacy of Brompheniramine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Methylphenobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Methylphenobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Quinidine The therapeutic efficacy of Quinidine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Amantadine The therapeutic efficacy of Amantadine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Maprotiline The therapeutic efficacy of Maprotiline can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Methantheline The therapeutic efficacy of Methantheline can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Hexafluronium The therapeutic efficacy of Hexafluronium can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Cycrimine The therapeutic efficacy of Cycrimine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Desloratadine The therapeutic efficacy of Desloratadine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Glycopyrronium The therapeutic efficacy of Glycopyrronium can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Tolterodine The therapeutic efficacy of Tolterodine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Oxybutynin The therapeutic efficacy of Oxybutynin can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Promethazine The therapeutic efficacy of Promethazine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Diphenhydramine The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Tyrothricin is combined with Diphenhydramine.
Pentolinium The therapeutic efficacy of Pentolinium can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Doxepin The therapeutic efficacy of Doxepin can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Flavoxate The therapeutic efficacy of Flavoxate can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Desipramine The therapeutic efficacy of Desipramine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Orphenadrine The therapeutic efficacy of Orphenadrine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Phenobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Phenobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Escitalopram The therapeutic efficacy of Escitalopram can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Quetiapine The therapeutic efficacy of Quetiapine can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Levacetylmethadol The therapeutic efficacy of Levacetylmethadol can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Diphenidol The therapeutic efficacy of Diphenidol can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.
Aripiprazole The therapeutic efficacy of Aripiprazole can be decreased when used in combination with Tyrothricin.

Target Protein

Phospholipid membrane
Acetylcholinesterase ACHE
Beta-galactosidase lacZ

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Vosloo JA, Stander MA, Leussa AN, Spathelf BM, Rautenbach M. Manipulation of the tyrothricin production profile of Bacillus aneurinolyticus. Microbiology (Reading, Engl). 2013;159(Pt 10):2200-11.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 27455547
    Lang C, Staiger C: Tyrothricin--An underrated agent for the treatment of bacterial skin infections and superficial wounds? Pharmazie. 2016 Jun;71(6):299-305.
  • PMID: 23963303
    Vosloo JA, Stander MA, Leussa AN, Spathelf BM, Rautenbach M: Manipulation of the tyrothricin production profile of Bacillus aneurinolyticus. Microbiology. 2013 Oct;159(Pt 10):2200-11. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.068734-0. Epub 2013 Aug 20.
  • PMID: 24530898
    Loll PJ, Upton EC, Nahoum V, Economou NJ, Cocklin S: The high resolution structure of tyrocidine A reveals an amphipathic dimer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 May;1838(5):1199-207. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.01.033. Epub 2014 Feb 11.
  • PMID: 5257018
    Changeux JP, Ryter A, Leuzinger W, Barrand P, Podleski T: On the association of tyrocidine with acetylcholinesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1969 Mar;62(3):986-93.
  • PMID: 9618340
    Wallace BA: Recent Advances in the High Resolution Structures of Bacterial Channels: Gramicidin A. J Struct Biol. 1998;121(2):123-41. doi: 10.1006/jsbi.1997.3948.
  • PMID: 22911866
    Sorochkina AI, Plotnikov EY, Rokitskaya TI, Kovalchuk SI, Kotova EA, Sychev SV, Zorov DB, Antonenko YN: N-terminally glutamate-substituted analogue of gramicidin A as protonophore and selective mitochondrial uncoupler. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41919. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041919. Epub 2012 Jul 24.
  • PMID: 11342149
    Prenner EJ, Lewis RN, Jelokhani-Niaraki M, Hodges RS, McElhaney RN: Cholesterol attenuates the interaction of the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S with phospholipid bilayer membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Feb 9;1510(1-2):83-92.
  • PMID: 14584933
    Qin C, Zhong X, Bu X, Ng NL, Guo Z: Dissociation of antibacterial and hemolytic activities of an amphipathic peptide antibiotic. J Med Chem. 2003 Nov 6;46(23):4830-3. doi: 10.1021/jm0341352.
Menampilkan 8 dari 10 artikel.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 6 • International brands: 0
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Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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