Peringatan Keamanan

The toxicity of ferrous sulfate in humans depends on the amount of iron ingested. Up to 20 mg/kg of elemental iron is not toxic, 20-60 mg/kg has mild toxicity, and more than 60 mg/kg can lead to severe symptoms and morbidity.^L2233

Overdose information

Iron containing products are the primary cause of drug overdose in children under 6 years of age.^L11767 Iron is toxic to the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, in addition to central nervous system. The most early reported effects following the excess ingestion of iron include nausea, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and black/tarry stools.^L2234 Symptoms of overdose in the later stages include bluish lips, fingernails, and palms, drowsiness, tachycardia, seizures, metabolic acidosis, hepatic injury, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Sequelae of iron sulfate overdose include intestinal obstruction, pyloric stenosis, and gastric scarring.^L2240 If the patient is comatose or seizing, gastric lavage with sodium bicarbonate should be performed. Deferoxamine is the antidote for iron poisoning. Other supportive treatments to support fluid and electrolyte balance and correct metabolic acidosis are also advised.^L2240 Hospitalization should continue for 24 h after the patient becomes asymptomatic to monitor for delayed onset of shock/gastrointestinal bleeding.

Ferrous sulfate anhydrous

DB13257

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Iron deficiency anemia is a large public health concern worldwide, especially in young children, infants, and women of childbearing age.^A190804 This type of anemia occurs when iron intake, iron stores, and iron loss do not adequately support the formation of erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells.^A190528

Ferrous sulfate is a synthetic agent used in the treatment of iron deficiency. It is the gold standard of oral iron therapy in the UK and many other countries.L2234,L2246

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 151.908

Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The half-life of orally administered iron is not readily available in the literature, with total effects lasting 2-4 months (congruent with the red blood cell life span)[A190945] with an onset of action of 4 days and peak activity at 7-10 days.[L2240]

Volume Distribusi About 60% of iron is distributed the erythrocytes.[A32524] The remainder of the iron is found in muscle tissues (as a part of myoglobin), and in a variety of different enzymes, as well as in storage form. Most stored iron is in the form of ferritin, which can be found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen and, and muscle. Iron crosses the placenta and is also found in breast milk.[L2240]

Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

Approximately 5 – 10% of dietary iron is absorbed, and this absorption rate increases to up to 30% in iron deficiency states. Oral iron supplements are absorbed up to 60% via active and passive transport processes.^L2240 Gastrointestinal absorption of iron occurs via strict regulation by the enterocyte and duodenal cytochrome and ferric reductase enzymes.A32524,L11794 The hormone hepcidin heavily regulates iron absorption and distribution throughout the body.^L11800 The median time to maximum serum concentration (Tmax) is generally 4 hours after administration. Between 2-8 hours post administration, average serum iron concentrations fluctuate by 20%, according to one study.^A32500 Bioavailability of iron depends on whether it is administered in a film coated tablet or enteric coated tablet. One pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers revealed a 30% bioavailability for enteric coated tablets. The AUC of enteric coated tablets varied between a lower limit of -46.93 to 5.25 µmolxh/l. Cmax is higher for film coated tablets, ranging from 3.4 to 22.1 µmol/h/l.^A190933 It is advisable to take ferrous sulfate with ascorbic acid, as this practice may increase absorption.L11800,L11794 Avoid antacids, tea, coffee,tea, dairy products, eggs, and whole-grain bread for at least an hour after taking ferrous sulfate. Calcium can decrease iron absorption by 33% if taken concomitantly.^L2240

Metabolisme

The metabolism of iron is complex. Normally, iron exists in the ferrous (Fe2+) or ferric (Fe3+) state, but since Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+, which hydrolyzes to insoluble iron(III)hydroxides in neutral aqueous solutions, iron binds to plasma proteins and is either transported or stored throughout the body.^A32524 There are three proteins that serve to regulate the storage and transport of ingested iron. The first protein , transferrin, transports iron in both the plasma and extracellular fluid. Ceruloplasmin in the plasma and hephaestin on the enterocyte participate in the oxidation and binding of iron to transferrin. The main role of transferrin is the chelation of iron to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species, while facilitating its transport into cells.^L11794 The transferrin receptor, located on many cells that require iron, binds the transferrin complex and internalizes this complex. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron, making it readily available for body requirements.^A32524

Rute Eliminasi

Oral iron is recycled, with some loss in the urine, sweat, and desquamation. Some iron can be lost during menstrual bleedingA32514,L2240 This loss is balanced by changes in intestinal absorption. The enzyme hepcidin promotes the excretion of iron via the sloughing of enterocytes with ferritin stores into the feces.^L11794

Interaksi Makanan

6 Data

1. Avoid milk and dairy products. Take ferrous sulfate at least 2 hours before or after milk.
2. Limit caffeine intake. Food and beverages containing caffeine may reduce iron absorption.
3. Take at least 2 hours before or after calcium supplements.
4. Take separate from antacids. Take ferrous sulfate at least 2 hours before or after antacids.
5. Take with food. This may reduce gastric irritation.
6. Take with foods containing vitamin C. Foods rich in vitamin C increase the absorption of iron.

Interaksi Obat

127 Data

Dimercaprol	Dimercaprol may increase the nephrotoxic activities of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous.
Cefdinir	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cefdinir resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Deferiprone	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Deferiprone resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Dolutegravir	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Dolutegravir resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Eltrombopag	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Eltrombopag resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Levodopa	The bioavailability of Levodopa can be decreased when combined with Ferrous sulfate anhydrous.
Levothyroxine	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Levothyroxine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Methyldopa	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Methyldopa resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Penicillamine	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Penicillamine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lipoic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lipoic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Moxifloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Moxifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Grepafloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Grepafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enoxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pefloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ciprofloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Trovafloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Trovafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nalidixic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nalidixic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rosoxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rosoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Cinoxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cinoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lomefloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lomefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Gatifloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Gatifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Norfloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Norfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Levofloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Levofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Gemifloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Gemifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ofloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sparfloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sparfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Temafloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Temafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Fleroxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Fleroxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Garenoxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Garenoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nemonoxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nemonoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Flumequine	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Flumequine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enrofloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enrofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Orbifloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Orbifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarafloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sarafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Difloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Difloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pazufloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pazufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Prulifloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Prulifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Delafloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Delafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sitafloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sitafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxolinic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Oxolinic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rufloxacin	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pipemidic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pipemidic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Doxycycline	Doxycycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lymecycline	Lymecycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Clomocycline	Clomocycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxytetracycline	Oxytetracycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Demeclocycline	Demeclocycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Tetracycline	Tetracycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Metacycline	Metacycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Minocycline	Minocycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarecycline	Sarecycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Omadacycline	Omadacycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Penimepicycline	Penimepicycline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Triethylenetetramine	Triethylenetetramine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pancrelipase	Pancrelipase can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sodium bicarbonate	Sodium bicarbonate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminum hydroxide	Aluminum hydroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magaldrate	Magaldrate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium hydroxide	Magnesium hydroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium trisilicate	Magnesium trisilicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium carbonate	Magnesium carbonate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium silicate	Magnesium silicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminium acetoacetate	Aluminium acetoacetate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Hydrotalcite	Hydrotalcite can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Magnesium peroxide	Magnesium peroxide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Almasilate	Almasilate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminium glycinate	Aluminium glycinate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aloglutamol	Aloglutamol can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Calcium silicate	Calcium silicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Aluminium phosphate	Aluminium phosphate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate	Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Olanzapine	Olanzapine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Cimetidine	Cimetidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nizatidine	Nizatidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ranitidine	Ranitidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Famotidine	Famotidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Methantheline	Methantheline can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Promethazine	Promethazine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Doxepin	Doxepin can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Asenapine	Asenapine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Metiamide	Metiamide can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Roxatidine acetate	Roxatidine acetate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lafutidine	Lafutidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lavoltidine	Lavoltidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Niperotidine	Niperotidine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Epinastine	Epinastine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ferrous sulfate anhydrous resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pamidronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pamidronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Zoledronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Zoledronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Alendronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Alendronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ibandronate	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ibandronate resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Clodronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Clodronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Risedronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Risedronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Etidronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Etidronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Tiludronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Tiludronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Incadronic acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Incadronic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
3-Aza-2,3-Dihydrogeranyl Diphosphate	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of 3-Aza-2,3-Dihydrogeranyl Diphosphate resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Thiopyrophosphate	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Thiopyrophosphate resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Geranyl Diphosphate	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Geranyl Diphosphate resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pyrophosphoric acid	Ferrous sulfate anhydrous can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pyrophosphoric acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

Target Protein

Hemoglobin subunit alpha HBA1

Transferrin receptor TFRC

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Mitchell AG. The preparation and characterization of ferrous sulphate hydrates. (1984 Aug).J Pharm Pharmacol.

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 25989284
Leary A, Barthe L, Clavel T, Sanchez C, Oulmi-Castel M, Paillard B, Edmond JM, Brunner V: Pharmacokinetics of Ferrous Sulphate (Tardyferon(R)) after Single Oral Dose Administration in Women with Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2016 Jan;66(1):51-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1549934. Epub 2015 May 19.
PMID: 11005764
Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Moore EG, Hainsworth LN, Porubcin M, Simovich MJ, Nakada MT, Dolan K, Garrick MD: Separate pathways for cellular uptake of ferric and ferrous iron. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2000 Oct;279(4):G767-74. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.4.G767.
PMID: 25700159
Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mander AP, Pereira DI, Powell JJ: Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Feb 20;10(2):e0117383. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117383. eCollection 2015.
PMID: 22654638
Santiago P: Ferrous versus ferric oral iron formulations for the treatment of iron deficiency: a clinical overview. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:846824. doi: 10.1100/2012/846824. Epub 2012 May 2.
PMID: 25053935
Waldvogel-Abramowski S, Waeber G, Gassner C, Buser A, Frey BM, Favrat B, Tissot JD: Physiology of iron metabolism. Transfus Med Hemother. 2014 Jun;41(3):213-21. doi: 10.1159/000362888. Epub 2014 May 12.
PMID: 24310424
Geisser P, Burckhardt S: The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of iron preparations. Pharmaceutics. 2011 Jan 4;3(1):12-33. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3010012.
PMID: 23049364
Cancado RD, Munoz M: Intravenous iron therapy: how far have we come? Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2011;33(6):461-9. doi: 10.5581/1516-8484.20110123.
PMID: 23613366
Miller JL: Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Jul 1;3(7). pii: cshperspect.a011866. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011866.

Menampilkan 8 dari 11 artikel.

Link

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 96 • International brands: 46

Produk

Abavite

Tablet • - • Oral • US
Bentivite

Tablet • - • Oral • US
Enteric Coated Ferrous Sulfate

Tablet, coated • 65 mg/1 • Oral • US
Exact-Rx SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFER 10%/5% Cleanser

Lotion • - • Topical • US
FE-Vite Iron Oral Solution

Solution • 15 mg/1mL • Oral • US
Ferinsol Drops

Solution / drops • 125 mg / mL • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
Fero Grad 500

Tablet, extended release • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
Fero Grad Filmtab

Tablet, extended release • 105 mg • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved

Menampilkan 8 dari 96 produk.

International Brands

Anemifer
Aritoferon
Bioron
Blissferon
Caron
Dyaferon
Fe-Plus
Feklon
Feromin
Ferrifol

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.