Peringatan Keamanan

The human body can seemingly absorb significant amounts of bromelain - about 12 grams/day of bromelain may be consumed without the appearance of any major adverse effects ^A27198. Another study suggests that after giving bromelain (3000 FIP unit/day) to human over a period of ten days discovered no significant changes in blood coagulation parameters ^A27198. Finally, stem bromelain has a relatively low toxicity with an LD50 greater than 10 g/kg in mice, rats, and rabbits ^A27198.

Stem bromelain

DB12249

biotech approved investigational

Deskripsi

The primary therapeutic use for which stem bromelain is currently and formally indicated is as a burn wound eschar debridement agent that has been approved by the EMA since 2012 and marketed under the brand name Nexobrid FDA Label.

Bromelain itself belongs to a category of protein-digesting enzymes that are obtained commercially from the fruit or stem of pineapples ^A27198. Although both fruit and stem bromelain are prepared differently and contain different enzymatic compositions, the general term bromelain typically refers to stem bromelain ^A27198. Bromelain is consequently a composite mixture of several different endopeptidases that can facilitate many different reactions with many different substrates. This action allows bromelain to demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic benefits ranging from cardiovascular to anticancer therapy - but the specific mechanisms of action by which it can elicit these effects are currently not properly understood.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Struktur tidak tersedia

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The estimated plasma half-life of stem bromelain is 6-9 hours [A32644].

Volume Distribusi No readily accessible data regarding the volume of distribution of stem bromelain is available.

Klirens (Clearance) No readily accessible data regarding the clearance of stem bromelain is available.

Absorpsi

It appears that stem bromelain can be absorbed from the human gastrointestinal tract to a small but significant extent while remaining undegraded or functionally intact A27198, A32644. In a study involving 19 healthy men, daily oral administration of 3g/day of bromelain resulted in a mean plasma concentration of approximately 5000 pg/ml by 48 hours, although the maximum peak blood concentration of bromelain varied between 2000 to 10,000 pg/ml between subjects ^A32644. The average blood concentration of bromelain in the period range of 3 to 51 hours was 10.28 ug ^A32644.

Metabolisme

Given its protein structure, it is assumed that stem bromelain, when administered would experience hydrolysis in the gut or eventually in the bloodstream after absorption ^A32644. Regardless, radiolabelled, intact stem bromelain has been found circulating in the plasma after administration A27198, A32644.

Rute Eliminasi

No readily accessible data regarding the route of eliminiation of stem bromelain is available.

Interaksi Obat

0 Data

Tidak ada data.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 23304525
Pavan R, Jain S, Shraddha, Kumar A: Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a review. Biotechnol Res Int. 2012;2012:976203. doi: 10.1155/2012/976203. Epub 2012 Dec 10.
PMID: 9252520
Castell JV, Friedrich G, Kuhn CS, Poppe GE: Intestinal absorption of undegraded proteins in men: presence of bromelain in plasma after oral intake. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jul;273(1 Pt 1):G139-46. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.1.G139.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 3 • International brands: 1

Produk

Bruselix Bruising

Tablet • - • Oral • US
Nexobrid

- • 2 g • Cutaneous • EU • Approved
Nexobrid

- • 5 g • Cutaneous • EU • Approved

International Brands

Debrase

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.