Peringatan Keamanan

An embryo-fetal development study performed in rats with oral telotristat ethyl at doses up to 750 mg/kg/day (approximately 9 times the AUC area under the plasma concentration-time curve for the active metabolite at the RHD) during organogenesis produced no harm to embryo-fetal development.L43342

In pregnant rabbits treated orally with telotristat ethyl during organogenesis, an increased incidence of post-implantation loss at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 15 times the AUC for the active metabolite at RHD) and a decrease in fetal weight at 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 33 times the AUC for the active metabolite at the RHD) was observed. The adverse effects on embryo-fetal development were associated with maternal toxicity (impaired weight gain and/or mortality) at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. No adverse effects on embryo-fetal development were observed at 125 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the AUC for the active
metabolite at the RHD).L43342

A pre-/postnatal development study was conducted in rats using oral administration of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg/day telotristat ethyl during organogenesis through lactation. An increased incidence of pup mortality was observed during postnatal days 0 to 4 at the maternal dose of 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the AUC for the active metabolite at the RHD). No developmental abnormalities or effects on growth, learning, memory or reproductive performance were observed through the maturation of offspring at maternal doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day in surviving offspring.L43342

In a 26-week study in transgenic (Tg.rasH2) mice, telotristat ethyl was not tumorigenic at oral doses up to 300 mg/kg/day (approximately 12 to 19 times the AUC for the active metabolite at the RHD).L43342

In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats, telotristat ethyl was not tumorigenic at oral doses up to 170 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 to 5 times the AUC for the active metabolite at the RHD).L43342

Telotristat ethyl was negative in the in vitro Ames test, the in vitro chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster ovary cells, and the in vivo rat micronucleus test.L43342

Telotristat ethyl at oral doses up to 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the AUC for the active metabolite at the RHD) was found to have no effect on the fertility and reproductive performance of male or female rats.L43342

Telotristat ethyl

DB12095

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

Telotristat ethyl is a prodrug of telotristat that was approved by the FDA in March 2017 as Xermelo.L43342 It was previously referred to as telotristat etiprate, the hippurate salt form; however, the FDA recommends the use of the name of the neutral form rather than that of the salt.A252937, A252942 Currently, telotristat ethyl is used to treat carcinoid syndrome diarrhea from neuroendocrine tumors that are inadequately controlled by short-acting somatostatin analog (SSA) treatment.L43342

Neuroendocrine cells are cells that secrete regulatory peptides and biogenic amines in response to chemical, neural, or other types of stimuli.A252947 Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) arising from these cells can therefore secrete chemical mediators into the bloodstream to cause side effects in distant sites, a phenomenon called carcinoid syndrome.A252947 The most common peptides and amines secreted by NET are histamines, tachykinins, kallikrein, and serotonin.L43367 Overexposure to serotonin can cause severe diarrhea, one of the main clinical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.A252937 Serotonin is metabolized in the urinary metabolite 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (u5-HIAA), and high levels of u5-HIAA is associated with poor survival outcome in patients with NET.A252937 The first line treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea is SSA, but symptoms still reoccur over the course of the disease.A252937

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 574.99
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: ObatTargetGenEnzim(Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi)TransporterCarrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Following a single 500 mg oral dose of telotristat ethyl in healthy subjects, the apparent half-life was approximately 0.6 hours for telotristat ethyl and 5 hours for telotristat.[L43342]
Volume Distribusi The estimated apparent total volume of distribution for the active metabolite from the Population PK model of 428.1 L in a typical healthy fasted subject and 348.7 L in patients with carcinoid syndrome.[L43357]
Klirens (Clearance) The apparent total clearance at steady state (CL/F<sub>ss</sub>) following oral dosing with telotristat ethyl 500 mg three times daily for 14 days (twice the recommended dosage) in healthy subjects was 2.7 and 152 L/hr for telotristat ethyl and telotristat, respectively.[L43342]

Absorpsi

After a single oral dose of telotristat ethyl to healthy subjects, telotristat ethyl was absorbed and metabolized to its active metabolite, telotristat. Peak plasma concentrations of telotristat ethyl were achieved within 0.5 to 2 hours, and those of telotristat within 1 to 3 hours. Plasma concentrations thereafter declined in a biphasic manner. Following administration of a single 500 mg dose of telotristat ethyl (twice the recommended dosage) under fasted conditions in healthy subjects, the mean Cmax and AUC0-inf were 4.4 ng/mL and 6.23 ng•hr/mL, respectively for telotristat ethyl. The mean Cmax and AUC0-inf were 610 ng/mL and 2320 ng•hr/mL, respectively for telotristat. Peak plasma concentrations and AUC of telotristat ethyl and telotristat appeared to be dose proportional following administration of a single dose of telotristat ethyl in the range of 100 mg (0.4 times the lowest recommended dose to 1000 mg 4 times the highest recommended dose) under fasted conditions.L43342 Following multiple-dose administration of telotristat ethyl 500 mg three times daily, there was negligible accumulation at steady state for both telotristat ethyl and telotristat.L43342 In patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treated with SSA therapy, the median Tmax for telotristat ethyl and telotristat was approximately 1 and 2 hours, respectively. Following administration of 500 mg telotristat ethyl three times daily, with meals in patients, the mean Cmax and AUC0-6hr were approximately 7 ng/mL and 22 ng•hr/mL, respectively, for telotristat ethyl. The mean Cmax and AUC0-6hr were approximately 900 ng/mL and 3000 ng•hr/mL, respectively for telotristat. The pharmacokinetic parameters for both telotristat ethyl and telotristat were highly variable with about 55% coefficient of variation.L43342

Metabolisme

After oral administration, telotristat ethyl undergoes hydrolysis via carboxylesterases to telotristat, its active metabolite. Telotristat is further metabolized.L43342 Among the metabolites of telotristat, the systemic exposure to an acid metabolite of oxidative deaminated decarboxylated telotristat was about 35% of that of telotristat.L43342 In vitro data suggest that telotristat ethyl and telotristat are not substrates for CYP enzymes.L43342

Rute Eliminasi

Following a single 500 mg oral dose of 14C-telotristat ethyl, 93.2% of the dose was recovered over 240 hours: 92.8% was recovered in the feces, with less than 0.4% being recovered in the urine.L43342

Interaksi Makanan

2 Data
  • 1. Take with a high fat meal. High fat food increases the bioavailability of telotristat ethyl.
  • 2. Take with food. Food increases the bioavailability of telotristat ethyl.

Interaksi Obat

883 Data
Cyclosporine The serum concentration of Cyclosporine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Calcitriol The serum concentration of Calcitriol can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Vitamin E The serum concentration of Vitamin E can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Cholecalciferol The serum concentration of Cholecalciferol can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Fluvoxamine The serum concentration of Fluvoxamine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Flunisolide The serum concentration of Flunisolide can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Cevimeline The serum concentration of Cevimeline can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Bortezomib The serum concentration of Bortezomib can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Phentermine The serum concentration of Phentermine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Tramadol The serum concentration of Tramadol can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Erythromycin The serum concentration of Erythromycin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Sildenafil The serum concentration of Sildenafil can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Dofetilide The serum concentration of Dofetilide can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Azithromycin The serum concentration of Azithromycin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Pantoprazole The serum concentration of Pantoprazole can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Citalopram The serum concentration of Citalopram can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Eletriptan The serum concentration of Eletriptan can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Nelfinavir The serum concentration of Nelfinavir can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Indinavir The serum concentration of Indinavir can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Lovastatin The serum concentration of Lovastatin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Reboxetine The serum concentration of Reboxetine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Nevirapine The serum concentration of Nevirapine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Alclometasone The serum concentration of Alclometasone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Ranolazine The serum concentration of Ranolazine can be increased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Ziprasidone The serum concentration of Ziprasidone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Methysergide The serum concentration of Methysergide can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Cabergoline The serum concentration of Cabergoline can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Dapsone The serum concentration of Dapsone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Phenytoin The serum concentration of Phenytoin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Medrysone The serum concentration of Medrysone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Diethylstilbestrol The serum concentration of Diethylstilbestrol can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Isradipine The serum concentration of Isradipine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Theophylline The serum concentration of Theophylline can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Disopyramide The serum concentration of Disopyramide can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Lidocaine The serum concentration of Lidocaine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Venlafaxine The serum concentration of Venlafaxine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Conjugated estrogens The serum concentration of Conjugated estrogens can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Amcinonide The serum concentration of Amcinonide can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Etonogestrel The serum concentration of Etonogestrel can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Morphine The serum concentration of Morphine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Bupivacaine The serum concentration of Bupivacaine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Desogestrel The serum concentration of Desogestrel can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Bexarotene The serum concentration of Bexarotene can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Vindesine The serum concentration of Vindesine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Acetaminophen The serum concentration of Acetaminophen can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Gefitinib The serum concentration of Gefitinib can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Codeine The serum concentration of Codeine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Dihydroergotamine The serum concentration of Dihydroergotamine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Amitriptyline The serum concentration of Amitriptyline can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Fluorometholone The serum concentration of Fluorometholone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Methadone The serum concentration of Methadone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Pimecrolimus The serum concentration of Pimecrolimus can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Omeprazole The serum concentration of Telotristat ethyl can be increased when it is combined with Omeprazole.
Terfenadine The serum concentration of Terfenadine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Diltiazem The serum concentration of Diltiazem can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Alfuzosin The serum concentration of Alfuzosin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Trimethadione The serum concentration of Trimethadione can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Clobazam The serum concentration of Clobazam can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Megestrol acetate The serum concentration of Megestrol acetate can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Methylergometrine The serum concentration of Methylergometrine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Chlorzoxazone The serum concentration of Chlorzoxazone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Mefloquine The serum concentration of Mefloquine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Sulfadiazine The serum concentration of Sulfadiazine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Vinorelbine The serum concentration of Vinorelbine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Clozapine The serum concentration of Clozapine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Grepafloxacin The serum concentration of Grepafloxacin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Levonorgestrel The serum concentration of Levonorgestrel can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Mirtazapine The serum concentration of Mirtazapine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Palonosetron The serum concentration of Palonosetron can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Dydrogesterone The serum concentration of Dydrogesterone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Mexiletine The serum concentration of Mexiletine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Amlodipine The serum concentration of Amlodipine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Nimodipine The serum concentration of Nimodipine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Beclomethasone dipropionate The serum concentration of Beclomethasone dipropionate can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Progesterone The serum concentration of Progesterone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Sorafenib The serum concentration of Sorafenib can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Nisoldipine The serum concentration of Nisoldipine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Eszopiclone The serum concentration of Eszopiclone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Alprazolam The serum concentration of Alprazolam can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Rosiglitazone The serum concentration of Rosiglitazone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Promazine The serum concentration of Promazine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Zolpidem The serum concentration of Zolpidem can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Prochlorperazine The serum concentration of Prochlorperazine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Cerivastatin The serum concentration of Cerivastatin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Trimethoprim The serum concentration of Trimethoprim can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Betamethasone The serum concentration of Betamethasone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Teniposide The serum concentration of Teniposide can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Lansoprazole The serum concentration of Lansoprazole can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Meperidine The serum concentration of Meperidine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Loratadine The serum concentration of Loratadine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Imipramine The serum concentration of Imipramine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Quinine The serum concentration of Quinine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Dronabinol The serum concentration of Dronabinol can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Montelukast The serum concentration of Montelukast can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Chlorpromazine The serum concentration of Chlorpromazine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Celecoxib The serum concentration of Celecoxib can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Nabilone The serum concentration of Nabilone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Buspirone The serum concentration of Buspirone can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Zidovudine The serum concentration of Zidovudine can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.
Darifenacin The serum concentration of Darifenacin can be decreased when it is combined with Telotristat ethyl.

Target Protein

Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2 TPH2
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1 TPH1

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 27817224
    Lamarca A, Barriuso J, McNamara MG, Hubner RA, Valle JW: Telotristat ethyl: a new option for the management of carcinoid syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016 Dec;17(18):2487-2498. Epub 2016 Nov 16.
  • PMID: 25012985
    Kulke MH, O'Dorisio T, Phan A, Bergsland E, Law L, Banks P, Freiman J, Frazier K, Jackson J, Yao JC, Kvols L, Lapuerta P, Zambrowicz B, Fleming D, Sands A: Telotristat etiprate, a novel serotonin synthesis inhibitor, in patients with carcinoid syndrome and diarrhea not adequately controlled by octreotide. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2014 Oct;21(5):705-14. doi: 10.1530/ERC-14-0173. Epub 2014 Jul 10.
  • PMID: 31028057
    Tian DD, Leonowens C, Cox EJ, Gonzalez-Perez V, Frederick KS, Scarlett YV, Fisher MB, Paine MF: Indinavir Increases Midazolam N-Glucuronidation in Humans: Identification of an Alternate CYP3A Inhibitor Using an In Vitro to In Vivo Approach. Drug Metab Dispos. 2019 Jul;47(7):724-731. doi: 10.1124/dmd.119.087007. Epub 2019 Apr 26.
  • PMID: 29330194
    Pavel M, Gross DJ, Benavent M, Perros P, Srirajaskanthan R, Warner RRP, Kulke MH, Anthony LB, Kunz PL, Horsch D, Weickert MO, Lapuerta P, Jiang W, Kassler-Taub K, Wason S, Fleming R, Fleming D, Garcia-Carbonero R: Telotristat ethyl in carcinoid syndrome: safety and efficacy in the TELECAST phase 3 trial. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2018 Mar;25(3):309-322. doi: 10.1530/ERC-17-0455. Epub 2018 Jan 12.
  • PMID: 27918724
    Kulke MH, Horsch D, Caplin ME, Anthony LB, Bergsland E, Oberg K, Welin S, Warner RR, Lombard-Bohas C, Kunz PL, Grande E, Valle JW, Fleming D, Lapuerta P, Banks P, Jackson S, Zambrowicz B, Sands AT, Pavel M: Telotristat Ethyl, a Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Carcinoid Syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jan;35(1):14-23. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.2780. Epub 2016 Oct 28.
  • PMID: 29350062
    Dillon JS, Chandrasekharan C: Telotristat ethyl: a novel agent for the therapy of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea. Future Oncol. 2018 May;14(12):1155-1164. doi: 10.2217/fon-2017-0340. Epub 2018 Jan 19.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 5 • International brands: 0
Produk
  • Xermelo
    Tablet • 250 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Xermelo
    Tablet • 250 mg/1 • Oral • US • Approved
  • Xermelo
    Tablet, film coated • 250 mg • Oral • EU • Approved
  • Xermelo
    Tablet, film coated • 250 mg • Oral • EU • Approved
  • Xermelo
    Tablet • 250 mg/1 • Oral • US • Approved

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

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