Peringatan Keamanan

It is typically uncommon to experience an overdosage situation with dietary galactose or from galactose as an ingredient in a therapeutic agent. At the same time, the experiencing a situation characterized by excessive amounts of galactose in the body defines the challenge with galactosemia, which is itself a rare genetic metabolic disorder. In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for further metabolism of galactose (ie. such as galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) are severely diminished or missing entirely, leading to toxic levels of galactose 1-phosphate in various tissues A32875. This toxic excess typically results in hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, vomiting, hypoglycemia, lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure A32875. Without treatment, mortality in infants with galactosemia is about 75% A32876.

Galactose

DB11735

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

Galactose has been used in trials studying the treatment and diagnosis of Hepatitis C, Hepatic Cancer, Wilsons Disease, Diabetic Macular Oedema, and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, among others. There are even proposals for its use in accelerating senescence in mice, rats, and Drosophila, for its association with ovarian cancer, or even for the potential treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nevertheless, none of these ongoing studies have yet provided formal elucidation for their proposals.

As a naturally occurring sugar, it may be found in a number dairy products. Even then, however, it is not generally used as a sweetener considering it is only about 30% as sweet as sucrose. Regardless, although it is predominantly used as a pathway to generate glucose fuel for the human body, galactose is involved as an ingredient in some commonly used vaccines and non-prescription products.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 180.1559
Wujud -

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: ObatTargetGenEnzim(Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi)TransporterCarrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Readily accessible data regarding the half-life of galactose is not available.
Volume Distribusi It has been documented that galactose distributes in a volume equivalent to 40% of body weight [A32870].
Klirens (Clearance) In subjects with no liver disease, systemic galactose clearance was calculated to be 1.5 +/- 0.1 L/min [A32871].

Absorpsi

The absorption of galactose from the human jejunum was calculated to be 1.0 g per minute per 30 cm of the gut A32869.

Metabolisme

The primary pathway for galactose metabolism is called the Leloir pathway, so named after Luis Federico Leloir. The initial stage of this pathway is the conversion of beta-D-galactose to alpha-D-galactose by the enzyme galactose mutarotase (GALM) A32864. The pathway then performs the conversion of alpha-D-galactose to UDP-glucose by way of three principal enzymes and their reactions: galactokinase (GALK) phosphorylates alpha-D-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P); galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) transfers a UMP group from UDP-glucose to Gal-1-P to form UDP-galactose; and finally, UDP galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) interconverts UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose, which completes the pathway A32864.

Rute Eliminasi

The primary route of elimination for galactose is hepatic L2633, A32864.

Interaksi Obat

0 Data
Tidak ada data.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 27894939
    Pourmemar E, Majdi A, Haramshahi M, Talebi M, Karimi P, Sadigh-Eteghad S: Intranasal Cerebrolysin Attenuates Learning and Memory Impairments in D-galactose-Induced Senescence in Mice. Exp Gerontol. 2017 Jan;87(Pt A):16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.11.011. Epub 2016 Nov 25.
  • PMID: 16710848
    Cui X, Zuo P, Zhang Q, Li X, Hu Y, Long J, Packer L, Liu J: Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidative damage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Aug 15;84(3):647-54. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20899.
  • PMID: 2510499
    Cramer DW: Lactase persistence and milk consumption as determinants of ovarian cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Nov;130(5):904-10.
  • PMID: 2567871
    Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Willett WC, Welch WR, Bell DA, Scully RE, Ng WG, Knapp RC: Galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to the risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet. 1989 Jul 8;2(8654):66-71.
  • PMID: 18514139
    Savin VJ, McCarthy ET, Sharma R, Charba D, Sharma M: Galactose binds to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis permeability factor and inhibits its activity. Transl Res. 2008 Jun;151(6):288-92. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2008.04.001. Epub 2008 May 2.
  • PMID: 12519857
    Sunehag A, Tigas S, Haymond MW: Contribution of plasma galactose and glucose to milk lactose synthesis during galactose ingestion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jan;88(1):225-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020768.
  • PMID: 14236773
    HOLDSWORTH CD, DAWSON AM: THE ABSORPTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES IN MAN. Clin Sci. 1964 Dec;27:371-9.
  • PMID: 13065433
    WICK AN, DRURY DR: Action of insulin on volume of distribution of galactose in the body. Am J Physiol. 1953 May;173(2):229-32. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1953.173.2.229.
Menampilkan 8 dari 11 artikel.
Textbook
  • ISBN: 0323140211
    Rene Germanier (2012). Bacterial Vaccines. Academic Press.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 3 • International brands: 0
Produk
  • Echovist
    Kit; Powder, for suspension • - • Intrauterine • Canada • Approved
  • Echovist
    Kit; Powder, for suspension • - • Intrauterine • Canada • Approved
  • Levovist - Pws IV (4g Granules /vial)
    Powder, for solution • - • Intravenous • Canada • Approved

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