Peringatan Keamanan

Ld50 Oral: 75 mg/kg (mouse), 91 mg/kg (mouse) ^L1694

Although methylmercury (meHg) is considered a hazardous substance that is to be avoided even at small levels when consumed in foods such as seafood and rice (in Asia), the World Health Organization considers small doses of thimerosal safe regardless of multiple/repetitive exposures to vaccines that are predominantly taken during pregnancy or infancy L1685, L1686, L1689.

Thimerosal

DB11590

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Thiomersal (INN), commonly known in the U.S. as thimerosal, is an organomercury compound. This compound is a well-established and widely used antiseptic and antifungal agent.

Developed in 1927, thimerosal has been and is still being used as a preservative in some cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals, and biological drug products, which includes vaccines. There has been significant concern regarding its safety and toxicity in the last several decades. Although thimerosal is banned in several countries, it continues to be included as a preservative in some vaccines in the United States and many vaccines in the developing world ^L1685.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 404.81

Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) A study was done to study the pharmacokinetics of Thimerosal in mice. Estimated half-lives (in days) were 8.8 for blood, 10.7 for brain, 7.8 for heart, 7.7 for liver and 45.2 for kidney.[L1685] The the half-life of ethylmercury is 3–7 days in infants, with the half-life of intramuscular ethylmercury from thimerosal being 2.9-4.1 days.[L50813] The half-life of ethylmercury in the blood also did not vary significant between age groups of infants, alongside the results that blood mercury levels before vaccination being similar in 2 month old and 6 month old infants suggests ethylmercury does not accumulate in the blood.[A263838]

Volume Distribusi 266 L in one study [L1678]

Klirens (Clearance) The high concentrations of mercury identified in stool samples suggest that ethylmercury may be eliminated through the gastrointestinal tract [L1675].

Absorpsi

Less than 0.01% of an ingested dose is absorbed from the GI tract (rat study) ^L1687.

Metabolisme

Ethylmercury (etHg) is derived from the metabolism of thimerosal (o-carboxyphenyl-thio-ethyl-sodium salt), which is the most widely used form of organic mercury ^A32125.

Rute Eliminasi

Gastrointestinal tract ^L1675.

Interaksi Obat

1 Data

Latanoprost

Thimerosal can cause a decrease in the absorption of Latanoprost resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

Target Protein

Methionine synthase MTR

Cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11

Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma FXYD2

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 23401210
Dorea JG, Farina M, Rocha JB: Toxicity of ethylmercury (and Thimerosal): a comparison with methylmercury. J Appl Toxicol. 2013 Aug;33(8):700-11. doi: 10.1002/jat.2855. Epub 2013 Feb 11.
PMID: 10390852
Hussain S, Atkinson A, Thompson SJ, Khan AT: Accumulation of mercury and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in brain, liver, and kidneys of mice. J Environ Sci Health B. 1999 Jul;34(4):645-60. doi: 10.1080/03601239909373219.
PMID: 18049924
Geier DA, Sykes LK, Geier MR: A review of Thimerosal (Merthiolate) and its ethylmercury breakdown product: specific historical considerations regarding safety and effectiveness. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2007 Dec;10(8):575-96. doi: 10.1080/10937400701389875.
PMID: 22477809
Hurley AM, Tadrous M, Miller ES: Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism: a review of recent epidemiologic studies. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jul;15(3):173-81.

Link

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 2 • International brands: 1

Produk

T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch Test

Kit • - • Cutaneous • US • Approved
Welders Eye Ease

Liquid • - • Ophthalmic • Canada • OTC • Approved

International Brands

Mersol

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.