Peringatan Keamanan

This drug is a sympathomimetic, and therefore has the following adverse effects (in parallel with ephedrine) ^L2565: tremor, fear, anxiety, confusion, irritability, insomnia, and psychotic states. Paranoid psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations may also follow overdose ^L2566.

The adverse effects of ephedrine and similar drugs are believed to be related to coronary artery constriction, vasospasm, shortening of cardiac refractory periods allowing re-entrant cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension-induced subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral artery vasoconstriction as well as sympathomimetic-induced platelet activation ^L2565.

Etafedrine

DB11587

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Etafedrine (INN) or ethylephedrine is a long-acting bronchodilator and has been an ingredient combined with other drugs in the brand names Nethaprin ^A32757 and Dalmacol ^L2568. It was previously available as both the free base and as the hydrochloride salt manufactured by Sanofi-Aventis (now Sanofi) has been discontinued ^L2563.

Ethylephedrine is be formed by alkylating ephedrine with ethyl iodide. The hydrochloride is be prepared by passing hydrogen chloride through a solution of ethylephedrine in diethyl ether ^F6.

This belongs to the family of medications called decongestants. It acts by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, helping to relieve nasal congestion ^F6.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 193.29

Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) It has a plasma half-life ranging from 3 to 6 hours depending on urinary pH [L2566].

Volume Distribusi Similar to ephedrine, at about 3L/kg [L2566].

Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

Similar to its parent drug, ephedrine, it is readily and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; plasma peak concentrations are reached an hour after ingestion ^L2566. A single oral dose of 24 mg produced an average peak plasma concentration of 0.10 mg/L ^L2566.

Metabolisme

Data metabolisme tidak tersedia.

Rute Eliminasi

Excreted mainly in the urine ^L2566.

Interaksi Makanan

2 Data

1. Take with a full glass of water.
2. Take with or without food.

Interaksi Obat

1276 Data

Valsartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Valsartan.
Ramipril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramipril.
Remikiren	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Remikiren.
Olmesartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Olmesartan.
Diltiazem	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diltiazem.
Minoxidil	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Minoxidil.
Treprostinil	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Treprostinil.
Amlodipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Nimodipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nimodipine.
Trandolapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trandolapril.
Lercanidipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lercanidipine.
Benazepril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazepril.
Bosentan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan.
Enalapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalapril.
Candoxatril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candoxatril.
Losartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Losartan.
Moexipril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Moexipril.
Nitroglycerin	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroglycerin.
Metyrosine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Metyrosine.
Cryptenamine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cryptenamine.
Candesartan cilexetil	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan cilexetil.
Eprosartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eprosartan.
Quinapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinapril.
Telmisartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Telmisartan.
Irbesartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Irbesartan.
Nitrendipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitrendipine.
Deserpidine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Deserpidine.
Pentolinium	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pentolinium.
Trimethaphan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trimethaphan.
Captopril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Captopril.
Bepridil	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bepridil.
Cilazapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cilazapril.
Saprisartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Saprisartan.
Spirapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Spirapril.
Mibefradil	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Mibefradil.
Debrisoquine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Debrisoquine.
Sitaxentan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Sitaxentan.
Ambrisentan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ambrisentan.
Diethylnorspermine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diethylnorspermine.
Nilvadipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nilvadipine.
Pinacidil	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pinacidil.
Temocapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Temocapril.
Riociguat	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Riociguat.
Hexamethonium	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hexamethonium.
Aliskiren	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Aliskiren.
Lacidipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lacidipine.
Manidipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Manidipine.
Rauwolfia serpentina root	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rauwolfia serpentina root.
Selexipag	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Selexipag.
Angiotensin 1-7	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Angiotensin 1-7.
Imidapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Imidapril.
BQ-123	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of BQ-123.
Tetrahydropalmatine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tetrahydropalmatine.
Dihydralazine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dihydralazine.
Zofenopril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Zofenopril.
Guanoxan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxan.
Delapril	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Delapril.
Vincamine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Vincamine.
Linsidomine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Linsidomine.
Guanoxabenz	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxabenz.
Tolonidine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tolonidine.
Endralazine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Endralazine.
Cadralazine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cadralazine.
Bietaserpine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bietaserpine.
Guanazodine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanazodine.
Methoserpidine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methoserpidine.
Guanoclor	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoclor.
Candesartan	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan.
Dexniguldipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dexniguldipine.
Tocopherylquinone	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tocopherylquinone.
Benazeprilat	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazeprilat.
Fosinoprilat	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinoprilat.
Ramiprilat	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramiprilat.
Perindoprilat	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindoprilat.
Quinaprilat	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinaprilat.
Felodipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Felodipine.
Levamlodipine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Levamlodipine.
Azilsartan medoxomil	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Azilsartan medoxomil.
Diazoxide	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diazoxide.
Phentermine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Phentermine is combined with Etafedrine.
Midodrine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Midodrine is combined with Etafedrine.
Eletriptan	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Eletriptan is combined with Etafedrine.
Bethanidine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bethanidine.
Zolmitriptan	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Zolmitriptan is combined with Etafedrine.
Mirtazapine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Mirtazapine is combined with Etafedrine.
Phenylephrine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Phenylephrine is combined with Etafedrine.
Doxapram	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Doxapram is combined with Etafedrine.
Atropine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Atropine is combined with Etafedrine.
Clonidine	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Clonidine.
Metaraminol	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Metaraminol is combined with Etafedrine.
Guanabenz	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanabenz.
Sufentanil	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Sufentanil is combined with Etafedrine.
Methoxamine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Methoxamine is combined with Etafedrine.
Isoflurane	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Etafedrine.
Alfentanil	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Alfentanil is combined with Etafedrine.
Propofol	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Propofol is combined with Etafedrine.
Phenmetrazine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Phenmetrazine is combined with Etafedrine.
Pseudoephedrine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Pseudoephedrine is combined with Etafedrine.
Benzphetamine	The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Benzphetamine is combined with Etafedrine.
Omapatrilat	Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Omapatrilat.

Target Protein

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 4039586
Lindmar R, Loffelholz K, Stieh-Koch U: On the mechanism of bronchodilatation by etafedrine. Arzneimittelforschung. 1985;35(3):602-4.
PMID: 18859472
ASTROM A: Pharmacological actions of 1-N-ethyl ephedrine and 1-ephedrine; a quantitative comparison. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1948;4(1):53-64.
PMID: 793781
Kagan G, Rose R: Double-blind trial of a long-acting bronchodilator preparation ("Nethaprin Dospan") in bronchospastic disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 1976;4(6):436-41. doi: 10.1185/03007997609112000 .
PMID: 11898947
Wooltorton E, Sibbald B: Ephedra/ephedrine: cardiovascular and CNS effects. CMAJ. 2002 Mar 5;166(5):633.

Link

Attachment

Etafedrine Hydrochloride

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 4 • International brands: 0

Produk

Dalmacol

Syrup • - • Oral • Canada • Approved
Dalmacol

Syrup • - • Oral • Canada • Approved
Mercodol With Decapryn

Syrup • - • Oral • Canada • Approved
Ratio-calmydone

Syrup • - • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.