Peringatan Keamanan

Evening primrose oil seems to have little toxicological effect in humans. The reported LD50 values in the mouse are 3.12 x 10^4 mcg/kg. The toxicological effects are very minimal and it has proven to not have an effect on tumor incidence nor to present effects on fertility studies.^F111

Evening primrose oil

DB11358

biotech investigational nutraceutical

Deskripsi

Evening primrose oil comes from the extraction from Oenothera biennis seeds and it is commonly used as an alternative source for omega-6 essential fatty acids. In its composition it presents some fatty acids such as DB00132 and DB13854.^A33131 Evening primrose oil has been filled for the FDA by Humanetics Corporation on April 2000 to be a new dietary ingredient but its current status is "Inadequate basis for expectation of safety".^L2845 By Health Canada, evening primrose oil is approved in over-the-counter combination dietary supplements.^L1113 By the EMA, evening primrose oil is approved in herbal preparations.^L2851

Struktur Molekul 2D

Struktur tidak tersedia

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) No pharmacokinetic data available.

Volume Distribusi No pharmacokinetic data available.

Klirens (Clearance) No pharmacokinetic data available.

Absorpsi

The pharmacokinetics of evening primrose oil is mainly studied by analyzing its active ingredient DB13854. After administration, DB13854 is rapidly absorbed and converted directly to DB00154 and other precursors.T218 When orally administered, the tmax was directly dependent to the time of administration, being of 2.7 hours in the evening and 4.4 hours in the morning. The Cmax and AUC were registered to be approximately 21 mcg/ml and 274 mcg.h/ml.^A32831 The bioavailability of DB13854 acid is influenced by triglyceride composition, cellular kinetics of phospholipases and acyltransferases.^A33136

Metabolisme

The main component of evening primrose oil, DB00132 is usually desaturated by delta-6-desaturase which transforms this fatty acid to DB13854. This metabolic activity usually is limited by external factors such as stress, aging, alcohol, smoking, inflammation, diabetes, etc. In presence of these circumstances, the linoleic acid gets accumulated in the body and it inhibits the activity of the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. In proper conditions, DB13854 forms DB00154 by the action of elongases and it can further act as a substrate for production of prostaglandins or to be denaturated to arachidonic acid.T218

Rute Eliminasi

The major components of the primrose oil are highly metabolized and the majority of the generated metabolites are excreted in the urine.^F105

Interaksi Obat

795 Data

Cyclosporine	Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Icosapent	Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotiam	Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Mesalazine	Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmenoxime	Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmetazole	Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Pamidronic acid	Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenofovir disoproxil	Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Indomethacin	Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cidofovir	Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpiramide	Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftazidime	Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Loracarbef	Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefalotin	Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Nabumetone	Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketorolac	Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenoxicam	Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Celecoxib	Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotaxime	Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tolmetin	Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Foscarnet	Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Rofecoxib	Rofecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Piroxicam	Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Methotrexate	Methotrexate may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalexin	Cephalexin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Fenoprofen	Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Valaciclovir	Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Valdecoxib	Valdecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Diclofenac	Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulindac	Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Bacitracin	Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Amphotericin B	Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephaloglycin	Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Flurbiprofen	Flurbiprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Adefovir dipivoxil	Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Pentamidine	Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Etodolac	Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Mefenamic acid	Mefenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Acyclovir	Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Naproxen	Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulfasalazine	Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Phenylbutazone	Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Meloxicam	Meloxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Carprofen	Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefaclor	Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Diflunisal	Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tacrolimus	Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceforanide	Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Salicylic acid	Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Meclofenamic acid	Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Acetylsalicylic acid	Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Carboplatin	Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxaprozin	Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketoprofen	Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Balsalazide	Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ibuprofen	Ibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefditoren	Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Atazanavir	Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Colistimethate	Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefuroxime	Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefapirin	Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefadroxil	Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefprozil	Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftriaxone	Ceftriaxone may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Olsalazine	Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Lumiracoxib	Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefamandole	Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefazolin	Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefonicid	Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoperazone	Cefoperazone may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotetan	Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoxitin	Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftizoxime	Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefradine	Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Magnesium salicylate	Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Salsalate	Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Choline magnesium trisalicylate	Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefepime	Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefacetrile	Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftibuten	Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpodoxime	Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Antrafenine	Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Aminophenazone	Aminophenazone may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Antipyrine	Antipyrine may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tiaprofenic acid	Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Lopinavir	Lopinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Etoricoxib	Etoricoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Hydrolyzed Cephalothin	Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalothin Group	Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxyphenbutazone	Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Latamoxef	Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Nimesulide	Nimesulide may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Benoxaprofen	Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Metamizole	Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Zomepirac	Zomepirac may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftobiprole	Ceftobiprole may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cimicoxib	Cimicoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftaroline fosamil	Ceftaroline fosamil may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Lornoxicam	Lornoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Aceclofenac	Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Evening primrose oil which could result in a higher serum level.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 20000302
Bayles B, Usatine R: Evening primrose oil. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Dec 15;80(12):1405-8.
PMID: 9707349
Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Meyer FP: Pharmacokinetic data of gamma-linolenic acid in healthy volunteers after the administration of evening primrose oil (Epogam). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jul;36(7):363-6.
PMID: 8814195
Fan YY, Chapkin RS, Ramos KS: Dietary lipid source alters murine macrophage/vascular smooth muscle cell interactions in vitro. J Nutr. 1996 Sep;126(9):2083-8. doi: 10.1093/jn/126.9.2083.

Textbook

Wollschlaeger B. (2003). The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs. American botanical council.

Link

Attachment

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 6 • International brands: 0

Produk

Efamol Cap

Capsule • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
Evening Primrose Oil Cap

Capsule • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
Evening Primrose Oil With Vitamin E

Capsule • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
Gamma Oil

Capsule • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
Rhodd Ato Repair Body So Ap

Soap • - • Topical • US • OTC
VP-Precip

Capsule, gelatin coated • - • Oral • US

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.