In an acute oral toxicity study, the LD50-value for ?-arbutin is 9804 mg/kg bw for the mouse and 8715 mg/kg bw for the rat F44. Dermal LD50 value in rat and mouse was reported to be greater than 928 mg/kg bw, according to an acute dermal toxicity study F44. Extremely high doses may cause ringing in the ears, shortness of breath, convulsions, collapse, vomiting and delirium F43. Nausea and vomiting were seen individuals with sensitive stomachs following oral ingestion of 15 g of dried uva ursi leaves that contain arbutin F43.
Extracted from the dried leaves of bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos and other plants commonly in the Ericaceae family, arbutin is a beta-D-glucopyranoside of DB09526. It is found in foods, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal dietary supplements F43. Most commonly, it is an active ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products as a skin-lightening agent for the prevention of melanin formation in various skin conditions that involve cutaneous hyperpigmentation or hyperactive melanocyte function A27248. It has also been used as an anti-infective for the urinary system as well as a diuretic F43. Arbutin is available in both natural and synthetic forms; it can be synthesized from acetobromglucose and DB09526 F43. Arbutin is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase (E.C.1.14.18.1) in melanocytes A27248, and the inhibition of melanin synthesis at non-toxic concentrations was observed in vitro. Arbutin was shown to be less cytotoxic to melanocytes in culture compared to DB09526 A32942.
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.