Oral LD50 for Cr (VI) is 135 - 175 mg/kg in mouse and 46 - 113 mg/kg in rat L1982. Oral LD50 for Cr (III) in rat is >2000 mg/kg L1982. LD50 of chromium (III) oxide in rats is reported to be > 5g/kg L1983. Other LD50 values reported for rats include: 3.5 g/kg (CI 3.19-3.79 g/kg) for chromium sulphate; 11.3 g/kg for chromium (III) acetate; 3.3 g/kg for chromium nitrate; and 1.5 g/kg for chromium nitrate nonahydrate L1983.
Acute overdose of chromium is rare and seriously detrimental effects of hexavalent chromium are primarily the result of chronic low-level exposure L1982. In case of overdose with minimal toxicity following acute ingestion, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive L1982. There is no known antidote for chromium toxicity.
Hexavalent chromium is a Class A carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure and Class D by the oral route L1982. The oral lethal dose in humans has been estimated to be 1-3 g of Cr (VI); oral toxicity most likely involves gastrointestinal bleeding rather than systemic toxicity L1982. Chronic exposure may cause damage to the following organs: kidneys, lungs, liver, upper respiratory tract MSDS. Soluble chromium VI compounds are human carcinogens. Hexavalent chromium compounds were mutagenic in bacteria assays and caused chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. There have been associations of increased frequencies of chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes from chromate production workers L1981. In human cells in vitro, Cr (VI) caused chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and oxidative DNA damage L1982.
Chromium is a transition element with the chemical symbol Cr and atomic number 24 that belongs to Group 6 of the periodic table. It is used in various chemical, industrial and manufacturing applications such as wood preservation and metallurgy. The uses of chromium compounds depend on the valency of chromium, where trivalent Cr (III) compounds are used for dietary Cr supplementation and hexavalent Cr (VI) compounds are used as corrosion inhibitors in commercial settings and are known to be human carcinogens L1982. Humans can be exposed to chromium via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal or ocular exposure L1983. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion is considered to be an essential dietary trace element as it is involved in metabolism of blood glucose, regulation of insulin resistance and metabolism of lipids. Clinical trials and other studies suggest the evidence of chromium intake improving glucose tolerance in patients with Type I and II diabetes, however its clinical application in the standard management of type II diabetes mellitus is not established. Chromium deficiency has been associated with a diabetic-like state, impaired growth, decreased fertility and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases A32343, A32351, L1982.
According to the National Institute of Health, the daily dietary reference intake (DRI) of chromium for adult male and non-pregnant female are 35 ?g and 25 ?g, respectively L1986. Chromium picolinate capsules may be used as nutritional adjuvant in patients with or at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to improve blood sugar metabolism and stabilize the levels of serum cholesterol. Chromium chloride is available as an intravenous injection for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) FDA Label.
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.
| Cyclosporine | Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Icosapent | Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotiam | Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Mesalazine | Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmenoxime | Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmetazole | Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pamidronic acid | Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenofovir disoproxil | Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Indomethacin | Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cidofovir | Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpiramide | Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftazidime | Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Loracarbef | Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefalotin | Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nabumetone | Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketorolac | Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenoxicam | Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Celecoxib | Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotaxime | Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tolmetin | Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Foscarnet | Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Rofecoxib | Rofecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Piroxicam | Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Methotrexate | Methotrexate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephalexin | Cephalexin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fenoprofen | Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Valdecoxib | Valdecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diclofenac | Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulindac | Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Bacitracin | Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Amphotericin B | Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephaloglycin | Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Flurbiprofen | Flurbiprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Adefovir dipivoxil | Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pentamidine | Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etodolac | Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Mefenamic acid | Mefenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acyclovir | Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Naproxen | Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulfasalazine | Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Phenylbutazone | Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Meloxicam | Meloxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carprofen | Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefaclor | Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diflunisal | Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceforanide | Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salicylic acid | Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Meclofenamic acid | Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carboplatin | Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxaprozin | Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketoprofen | Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Balsalazide | Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ibuprofen | Ibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefditoren | Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Atazanavir | Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Colistimethate | Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefuroxime | Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefapirin | Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefadroxil | Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefprozil | Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftriaxone | Ceftriaxone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Olsalazine | Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lumiracoxib | Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefamandole | Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefazolin | Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefonicid | Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefoperazone | Cefoperazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotetan | Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefoxitin | Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftizoxime | Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefradine | Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Magnesium salicylate | Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salsalate | Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Choline magnesium trisalicylate | Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefepime | Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefacetrile | Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftibuten | Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpodoxime | Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Antrafenine | Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Aminophenazone | Aminophenazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Antipyrine | Antipyrine may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tiaprofenic acid | Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lopinavir | Lopinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etoricoxib | Etoricoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Hydrolyzed Cephalothin | Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephalothin Group | Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxyphenbutazone | Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Latamoxef | Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nimesulide | Nimesulide may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Benoxaprofen | Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Metamizole | Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Zomepirac | Zomepirac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftobiprole | Ceftobiprole may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cimicoxib | Cimicoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftaroline fosamil | Ceftaroline fosamil may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lornoxicam | Lornoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Aceclofenac | Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Chromium which could result in a higher serum level. |