Peringatan Keamanan

Some toxicity concerns from the consumption of opium are the generation of addiction, physical dependence and tolerance to the effect. Studies regarding the opioid tolerance in the treatment of chronic pain have not been systematically investigated. There are also concerns about the opioid-driven modification of endocrine function, currently reported as lower testosterone levels, loss of libido, amenorrhea and infertility.L1802

Opium

DB11130

small molecule approved illicit

Deskripsi

Opium is the first substance of the diverse group of the opiates. It has been known for a long time, and the first evidence of a poppy culture dates from 5 thousand years by the Sumerians. During the years, opium was used as a sedative and hypnotic, but it was determined to be addictive.A32171

Opium is extracted from Papaver somniferum, which is more known as poppies. This plant is an integrant of the Papaveraceae family, and it is characterized by solitary leaves and capsulated fruits. Therefore, opium is a sticky brown resin obtained by collecting and drying the latex that exudes from the poppy pods.L1761

Once extracted, opium contains two main groups of alkaloids; the psychoactive constituents which are in the category of phenanthrenes and alkaloids that have no central nervous system effect in the category of isoquinolines. Morphine is the most prevalent and principal alkaloid in opium, and it is responsible for most of the harmful effects of opium.L1762

Opium has gradually been superseded by a variety of synthetic opioids and general anesthetics. Some of the isolated derivatives of opium are morphine, noscapine, strychnine, veratrine, colchicine, codeine, and quinine.A32175 Opium is a prohibited drug of abuse in most countries, but the illegal production of this drug and its derivatives keeps being registered. There is some legal production of opium in different countries for the obtention of alkaloids by extraction.L1766

Struktur Molekul 2D

Struktur tidak tersedia

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The half-life of opium ranges between 3-10 hours.[T136]
Volume Distribusi Opium presents a large volume of distribution that exceeds the total body water.[T136]
Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

After oral administration, opium bioavailability is poor.T136 In the form of opioid tincture, the Cmax and AUC of opium are between 16-24 mg/ml and 3237-6727 ng/ml.h, respectively.A32183

Metabolisme

Opium contains 50 different alkaloid opiates. The most common metabolism of opiates is to be ultimately converted to morphine which is further converted to morphine-3,6-diglucuronide.L1780 Opioids are metabolized vastly by the enzyme CYP 2D6 and any mutation in this kind of enzyme or coadministration with drugs that interfere with this enzyme may generate a change in the metabolism speed.L1807 For years, because of this metabolism pathway, it was very hard to differentiate between illicit heroin users and involuntary exposure to poppy seeds. The original tests for this differentiations were based in the presence of morphine in urine without evidence of 6-monoacetylmorphine. Now it is known the presence of a glucuronide metabolite only in the consumption of heroin called ATM4G and this allows a clear differentiation of the consumption of illegal heroin and poppy seed ingestion.A32197

Rute Eliminasi

Opium is a mixture of different alkaloids including morphine and codeine. After a single ingestion of opium preparations, codeine and morphine can be found excreted in urine. The presence of codeine and morphine in urine seems to be detectable 2-12 hours and 2-36 hours post administration, respectively. The urinary excretion of morphine and codeine seems to be longer as the dose of opium is increased. After multiple dosages of opium, the presence of codeine and morphine in urine could be detected even after 48 and 84 hours post administration, respectively.A32198 After ingestion of poppy seeds, it is possible to collect morphine and codeine in urine 3-25 hours and 3-22 hours after administration, respectively.A32199

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data
  • 1. Avoid alcohol. Concomitant use of opium with alcohol may cause additive CNS depressive effects.

Interaksi Obat

1655 Data
Buprenorphine Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Buprenorphine.
Doxylamine Doxylamine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Dronabinol Dronabinol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Droperidol Droperidol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Hydrocodone Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Hydrocodone.
Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Magnesium sulfate The therapeutic efficacy of Opium can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium sulfate.
Methotrimeprazine Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Methotrimeprazine.
Metyrosine Opium may increase the sedative activities of Metyrosine.
Minocycline Minocycline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Nabilone Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Orphenadrine Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Orphenadrine.
Paraldehyde Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Paraldehyde.
Perampanel Perampanel may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Pramipexole Opium may increase the sedative activities of Pramipexole.
Ropinirole Opium may increase the sedative activities of Ropinirole.
Rotigotine Opium may increase the sedative activities of Rotigotine.
Rufinamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rufinamide is combined with Opium.
Sodium oxybate Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate.
Suvorexant Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Suvorexant.
Tapentadol Tapentadol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Thalidomide Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Thalidomide.
Zolpidem Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zolpidem.
Alvimopan The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Alvimopan.
Desmopressin The risk or severity of hyponatremia can be increased when Opium is combined with Desmopressin.
Morphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Morphine is combined with Opium.
Codeine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Codeine is combined with Opium.
Hydromorphone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydromorphone is combined with Opium.
Oxycodone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Oxycodone is combined with Opium.
Dextropropoxyphene The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dextropropoxyphene is combined with Opium.
Naltrexone The therapeutic efficacy of Opium can be decreased when used in combination with Naltrexone.
Sufentanil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sufentanil is combined with Opium.
Levorphanol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Levorphanol is combined with Opium.
Remifentanil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Remifentanil is combined with Opium.
Diphenoxylate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Diphenoxylate is combined with Opium.
Oxymorphone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Oxymorphone is combined with Opium.
Dezocine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dezocine is combined with Opium.
Methadyl acetate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methadyl acetate is combined with Opium.
Dihydroetorphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dihydroetorphine is combined with Opium.
Diamorphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Diamorphine is combined with Opium.
Bezitramide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bezitramide is combined with Opium.
Ethylmorphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ethylmorphine is combined with Opium.
Etorphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Etorphine is combined with Opium.
Dextromoramide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dextromoramide is combined with Opium.
Desomorphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Desomorphine is combined with Opium.
Carfentanil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Carfentanil is combined with Opium.
Dihydrocodeine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dihydrocodeine is combined with Opium.
Alphacetylmethadol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alphacetylmethadol is combined with Opium.
Dihydromorphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dihydromorphine is combined with Opium.
Ketobemidone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ketobemidone is combined with Opium.
DPDPE The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when DPDPE is combined with Opium.
Lofentanil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Lofentanil is combined with Opium.
Normethadone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Normethadone.
Piritramide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Piritramide.
Alphaprodine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Alphaprodine.
Nicomorphine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Nicomorphine.
Meptazinol The therapeutic efficacy of Opium can be decreased when used in combination with Meptazinol.
Phenoperidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Phenoperidine.
Phenazocine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Phenazocine.
Tilidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Tilidine.
Carfentanil, C-11 The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Carfentanil, C-11.
Benzhydrocodone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Opium is combined with Benzhydrocodone.
Meperidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Meperidine is combined with Opium.
Alfentanil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alfentanil is combined with Opium.
Fentanyl The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fentanyl is combined with Opium.
Naloxegol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Naloxegol is combined with Opium.
Pegvisomant The therapeutic efficacy of Pegvisomant can be decreased when used in combination with Opium.
Succinylcholine The risk or severity of bradycardia can be increased when Succinylcholine is combined with Opium.
Methadone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methadone is combined with Opium.
Linezolid The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Linezolid is combined with Opium.
Mirabegron The serum concentration of Opium can be increased when it is combined with Mirabegron.
Mirtazapine Opium may increase the serotonergic activities of Mirtazapine.
Fluvoxamine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Fluvoxamine.
Citalopram The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Citalopram.
Duloxetine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Duloxetine.
Sertraline The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Sertraline.
Sibutramine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Sibutramine.
Zimelidine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Zimelidine.
Dapoxetine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Dapoxetine.
Milnacipran The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Milnacipran.
Desvenlafaxine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Desvenlafaxine is combined with Opium.
Seproxetine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Seproxetine.
Levomilnacipran The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Levomilnacipran.
Indalpine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Indalpine.
Ritanserin The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Ritanserin.
Alaproclate The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Alaproclate.
Paroxetine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Paroxetine.
Ethanol Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Ethanol.
Azelastine Opium may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Azelastine.
Brimonidine Brimonidine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Opium.
Phentermine Phentermine may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
Benzphetamine Benzphetamine may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
Diethylpropion Diethylpropion may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
Lisdexamfetamine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Opium is combined with Lisdexamfetamine.
Mephentermine Mephentermine may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
MMDA MMDA may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
Midomafetamine Midomafetamine may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may increase the analgesic activities of Opium.

Target Protein

Delta-type opioid receptor OPRD1
Kappa-type opioid receptor OPRK1
Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 19471817
    Duarte DF: Opium and opioids: a brief history.. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2005 Feb;55(1):135-46.
  • PMID: 14993340
    Huxtable RJ, Schwarz SK: The isolation of morphine--first principles in science and ethics. Mol Interv. 2001 Oct;1(4):189-91.
  • PMID: 20558018
    Lee S, Park Y, Han E, Choi H, Chung H, Oh SM, Chung KH: Thebaine in hair as a marker for chronic use of illegal opium poppy substances. Forensic Sci Int. 2011 Jan 30;204(1-3):115-8. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.013. Epub 2010 Jun 16.
  • PMID: 19032172
    Somogyi AA, Larsen M, Abadi RM, Jittiwutikarn J, Ali R, White JM: Flexible dosing of tincture of opium in the management of opioid withdrawal: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Nov;66(5):640-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03277.x.
  • PMID: 874779
    Judis J: Binding of codeine, morphine, and methadone to human serum proteins. J Pharm Sci. 1977 Jun;66(6):802-6.
  • PMID: 24339374
    Chen P, Braithwaite RA, George C, Hylands PJ, Parkin MC, Smith NW, Kicman AT: The poppy seed defense: a novel solution. Drug Test Anal. 2014 Mar;6(3):194-201. doi: 10.1002/dta.1590. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
  • PMID: 16803659
    Liu HC, Ho HO, Liu RH, Yeh GC, Lin DL: Urinary excretion of morphine and codeine following the administration of single and multiple doses of opium preparations prescribed in Taiwan as "brown mixture". J Anal Toxicol. 2006 May;30(4):225-31.
  • PMID: 3599922
    Struempler RE: Excretion of codeine and morphine following ingestion of poppy seeds. J Anal Toxicol. 1987 May-Jun;11(3):97-9.
Textbook
  • Lee M. and Abrahams M. (2012). Clinical pharmacology (11th ed.). Churchill Livingstone.
  • Michael-Titus A., Revest P. and Shortland P. (2010). The nervous system (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.
  • Hanna M., Ouanes J. and Garcia V. (2014). Practical Management of Pain (5th ed.). Mosby.
  • Le Coutuer P. and Burreson J. (2003). Napoleon's Buttons: 17 molecules that changed history. Tarcher.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 17 • International brands: 0
Produk
  • Belladonna and Opium
    Suppository • - • Rectal • US
  • Belladonna and Opium
    Suppository • - • Rectal • US
  • Belladonna and Opium
    Suppository • - • Rectal • US
  • Belladonna and Opium
    Suppository • - • Rectal • US
  • Belladonna and Opium
    Suppository • - • Rectal • US
  • Belladonna and Opium
    Suppository • - • Rectal • US
  • Camphorated Opium Tincture
    Tincture • - • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Diban Cap
    Capsule • - • Oral • Canada • Approved
Menampilkan 8 dari 17 produk.

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