Peringatan Keamanan

The toxicity of selenium has been consistently well documented. However, some early studies reported that selenium may be a carcinogen. Nelson et al. (1943) showed that rats fed diets containing Se as seleniferous wheat developed hepatic tumors and low-grade carcinomas in 11 out 53 study animals L1913.

Selenium at high doses (15-30 mcg/egg) has been reported to have significant adverse embryological effects on developing chickens. There currently no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Selenious acid injections should be used during pregnancy only when the potential benefits justify the potential risk to the growing fetus L1924.

The presence of selenium in the placenta and the umbilical cord blood has been reported in humans L1924.

Overdosage symptoms with selenious acid include:

Acute
Brick red–color gastric mucosa, cerebral edema, coma, death, fulminating peripheral vascular collapse, garlic or sour breath odor, gastrointestinal disturbance, hemolysis, hypersalivation, internal vascular congestion, liver necrosis, muscle spasms, pulmonary edema, and restlessness L1924.

Chronic
Dental defects, dermatitis, garlic odor of breath and/or sweat, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss, mental depression, metallic taste, nervousness, nausea, vomiting, weak nails L1924.

Selenious acid

DB11127

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

Selenious acid is the acid form of sodium selenite, a form of selenium L1910.

Selenium is an essential trace element and antioxidant. It is a cofactor metabolic enzyme regulation. It also plays an important role in maintaining the general health of tissue and muscle and has antioxidant properties. Selenium is a component of glutathione peroxidase enzyme, which protects cell components from oxidative damage due to peroxides produced during cellular metabolism L1916.

Selenium (Se) has been demonstrated to prevent cancer in numerous animal models when administered selenium at levels exceeding the nutritional requirements. One study showed efficacy in the prevention of malignancy while utilizing a selenium supplement in humans. The reports from such studies have heightened the interest in additional human selenium supplementation studies to validate the results in larger populations L1918.

Interestingly, selenium is being studied as a potential therapy in the prevention or management of atherosclerosis L1921.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 128.97
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) 30 days in beagle dogs [L1910].
Volume Distribusi Following oral intake and absorption, selenium from sodium selenite is found in the highest concentrations in the liver and kidneys of humans and animals [L1924]. In one study, tissue samples taken at autopsy from 46 healthy individuals killed in accidents and from 75 corpses of victims of various diseases to analyze selenium levels and distribution [A32296]. The per-weight-unit basis of selenium levels ng/gm in wet in tissues decreased in the following order: kidney (469) > liver > spleen > pancreas > heart > brain > lung > bone > skeletal muscle. The highest proportion of body selenium was found in skeletal muscles (27.5%) [A32296], [L1985]. Significantly less selenium was measured in bones (16%) and blood (10%). In the tissues of cancer corpses, the selenium levels were lower than levels in the control group. The lowest selenium concentrations were measured in alcoholic livers [A32296].
Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

The absorption of selenite following oral administration approximately 40-70% of an oral dose, based on studies done in humans L1924. Selenoprotein P, the plasma form of selenium, contains at least 40% of the total selenium in plasma L1987. Deletion of the gene for selenoprotein P in mouse models alters the distribution of selenium in body tissues suggesting that selenoprotein P is necessary for selenium transport A32296.

Metabolisme

Absorbed selenium, from both inorganic sources such as selenite and organic sources including selenomethionine, is metabolized to hydrogen selenide, and subsequently incorporated into essential selenoproteins L1924. In vivo, selenium compounds are generally metabolized to reduced states. For example, quadrivalent selenium (Se+4) in selenite often undergoes reduction to Se?2, metabolized firstly to H2Se and, finally, being methylated to various excretory forms. Selenious acid to oxidize sulfurous acid: H2SeO3 + 2H2SO3 ? Se0 + 2H2SO4 + H2O L1912. Se may also produce reactive oxygen species and, thereby, exert cancer-selective cytotoxicity. Selenodiglutathione (SDG) is a primary Se metabolite conjugated to two glutathione (GSH) moieties. Selenodiglutathione increases intracellular selenium accumulation and is significantly more toxic than selenous acid (H2SeO3). A32294. The liver is the central organ for selenium regulation and produces excretory selenium forms to regulate whole-body selenium L1912.

Rute Eliminasi

Selenium is eliminated mainly in the urine. However, significant endogenous losses through the feces can also occur L1984. The rate of excretion varies with the chemical form of selenium used in supplementation and the route of administration. Other minor routes of elimination are lungs and skin L1922. Analysis of 72-hour urine sampling from a study of 48 Norwegian women given a 200 ?g supplement of selenium in the form of selenite indicated approximately 50% absorption of selenite L1924.

Interaksi Obat

718 Data
Eltrombopag The bioavailability of Selenious acid can be decreased when combined with Eltrombopag.
Cyclosporine Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Icosapent Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotiam Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Mesalazine Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmetazole Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Pamidronic acid Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenofovir disoproxil Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Indomethacin Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cidofovir Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpiramide Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftazidime Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Loracarbef Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefalotin Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nabumetone Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketorolac Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenoxicam Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Celecoxib Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotaxime Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tolmetin Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Foscarnet Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Rofecoxib Rofecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Piroxicam Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Methotrexate Methotrexate may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalexin Cephalexin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Fenoprofen Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Valaciclovir Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Valdecoxib Valdecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Diclofenac Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulindac Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Bacitracin Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Amphotericin B Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Adefovir dipivoxil Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Pentamidine Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Etodolac Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Mefenamic acid Mefenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Acyclovir Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Naproxen Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Meloxicam Meloxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Carprofen Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefaclor Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Diflunisal Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tacrolimus Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceforanide Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Salicylic acid Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Carboplatin Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxaprozin Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketoprofen Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Balsalazide Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ibuprofen Ibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefditoren Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Atazanavir Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Colistimethate Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefuroxime Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefapirin Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefadroxil Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefprozil Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Olsalazine Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Lumiracoxib Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefamandole Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefazolin Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefonicid Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoperazone Cefoperazone may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotetan Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoxitin Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftizoxime Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefradine Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Magnesium salicylate Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Salsalate Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Choline magnesium trisalicylate Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefepime Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefacetrile Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftibuten Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpodoxime Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Antrafenine Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Aminophenazone Aminophenazone may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Antipyrine Antipyrine may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Tiaprofenic acid Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Lopinavir Lopinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Etoricoxib Etoricoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Hydrolyzed Cephalothin Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalothin Group Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Latamoxef Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Nimesulide Nimesulide may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Benoxaprofen Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Metamizole Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Zomepirac Zomepirac may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftobiprole Ceftobiprole may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Cimicoxib Cimicoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftaroline fosamil Ceftaroline fosamil may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Lornoxicam Lornoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Selenious acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 25974694
    Burk RF, Hill KE: Regulation of Selenium Metabolism and Transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2015;35:109-34. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034250. Epub 2015 May 13.
  • PMID: 28070112
    Tobe T, Ueda K, Aoki A, Okamoto Y, Kojima N, Jinno H: Selenium uptake through cystine transporter mediated by glutathione conjugation. J Toxicol Sci. 2017;42(1):85-91. doi: 10.2131/jts.42.85.
  • PMID: 1100438
    Combs GF Jr, Noguchi T, Scott ML: Mechanisms of action of selenium and vitamin E in protection of biological membranes. Fed Proc. 1975 Oct;34(11):2090-5.
  • PMID: 11777029
    Zachara BA, Pawluk H, Bloch-Boguslawska E, Sliwka KM, Korenkiewicz J, Skok Z, Ryc K: Tissue level, distribution, and total body selenium content in healthy and diseased humans in Poland. Arch Environ Health. 2001 Sep-Oct;56(5):461-6. doi: 10.1080/00039890109604483.
  • PMID: 10469608
    Ganther HE: Selenium metabolism, selenoproteins and mechanisms of cancer prevention: complexities with thioredoxin reductase. Carcinogenesis. 1999 Sep;20(9):1657-66.
  • PMID: 25499746
    Zhuang T, Xu H, Hao S, Ren F, Chen X, Pan C, Huang K: Effects of selenium on proliferation, interleukin-2 production and selenoprotein mRNA expression of normal and dexamethasone-treated porcine splenocytes. Res Vet Sci. 2015 Feb;98:59-65. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.11.019. Epub 2014 Dec 4.
  • PMID: 19722686
    Haratake M, Hongoh M, Ono M, Nakayama M: Thiol-dependent membrane transport of selenium through an integral protein of the red blood cell membrane. Inorg Chem. 2009 Aug 17;48(16):7805-11. doi: 10.1021/ic900988j.

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