Peringatan Keamanan

Overdose with eucalyptus oil may result in epigastric burning, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, muscular weakness, mitosis, tachycardia, a sensation of suffocation, cyanosis, ataxia, pulmonary damage, delirium, convulsions, CNS depression, coma. Deaths have been recorded from doses as low as 3.5 ml.

The given oral LD50 for rats is 2480 mg/kg MSDS

Eucalyptus oil

DB11114

biotech approved

Deskripsi

Eucalyptus oil is a distilled oil derived from the leaves of the tree Eucalyptus. It is shown to be effective in reducing pain, swelling, and inflammation via its modulatory effect on the immune response. It is also shown to exhibit antibacterial activity against some bacterial species and cough suppressant actions. Eucalyptus oil can be applied directly to the skin for pain and swelling of respiratory tract mucous membranes, joint pain, genital herpes, and nasal stuffiness.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Struktur tidak tersedia

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Studies have determined a terminal half-life for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) of approximately 7h in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) [A32227].
Volume Distribusi Studies have determined a large terminal volume of distribution for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) of 27 l/kg in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) [A32227].
Klirens (Clearance) Studies have determined a high clearance rate for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) of 43 ml/min/kg in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) [A32227].

Absorpsi

Common monoterpenoid compound preparations of eucalyptus oil have been observed to be readily absorbed after dermal application, likely due to their lipophilic character A32235. Although maximal plasma levels were demonstrated in as short a time period as 10 minutes even with thicker preparations like eucalyptus oil ointments, like many other topically applied agents, the extent of absorption is also likely largely dependent upon additional factors like the size of treated skin area, patient skin condition(s), concentrations of the applied substance, and time of exposure to the substance A32235. Currently, more data regarding the oral absorption of eucalyptus would be useful, given the relative lack of existing information A32235. Lipophilic monoterpene compound formulations of eucalyptus oil seems to be readily absorbed orally A32236. Regardless, there is some data that suggests that the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract has no particularly significant role in the absorption of cineole based eucalyptus oil A32235. Pulmonary absorption of eucalyptus oil is also possible although little information exists regarding this element at the moment. Nevertheless, 1,8-cineol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) A32227 appears to be well absorbed via inhalation with peak plasma levels observed reportedly at 18 minutes A32240. Given the three main constituents from Eucalyptus globulus Labill fruits, the intestinal absorption of macrocarpal A (M-A), macrocarpal B (M-B), and cypellocarpa C (Cy-C) is predominantly via passive diffusion while Cy-C demonstrates some partly ATP-dependent absorption A32242.

Metabolisme

With in vivo models, eucalyptol or cineole (which make up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils), undergoes oxidation to form hydroxycineole which is excreted as glucuronide L1854. In rats, 2-hydroxycineole, 3-hydroxycineole, and 1,8--dihydroxycineol-9-oic acid were identified as main urinary metabolites L1854. After oral administration to brushtail possums, p-cresol, 9-hydroxycineole, and Cineole-9-oic acid were found in urine L1854. Rabbits given eucalyptol by savage excreted 2-exo- and 2-endo-hydroxycineole in the urine L1854. The monterpene bicyclic ketone verbenone is a known component in eucalyptus globules A32241. In one study, this component was observed to be converted to 10-hydroxyverbenone by rat and human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes, and indicated that CYP2A6 is a principal enzyme in verbenone hydroxylation in humans A32241.

Rute Eliminasi

Studies suggest the route of elimination for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), rats, and rabbit subjects as being in the urine A32227.

Interaksi Obat

726 Data
Cyclosporine Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Icosapent Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotiam Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Mesalazine Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefmetazole Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Pamidronic acid Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenofovir disoproxil Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Indomethacin Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cidofovir Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpiramide Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftazidime Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Loracarbef Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefalotin Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Nabumetone Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketorolac Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tenoxicam Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Celecoxib Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotaxime Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tolmetin Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Foscarnet Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Rofecoxib Rofecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Piroxicam Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Methotrexate Methotrexate may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalexin Cephalexin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Fenoprofen Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Valaciclovir Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Valdecoxib Valdecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Diclofenac Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulindac Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Bacitracin Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Amphotericin B Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Adefovir dipivoxil Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Pentamidine Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Etodolac Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Mefenamic acid Mefenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Acyclovir Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Naproxen Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Meloxicam Meloxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Carprofen Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefaclor Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Diflunisal Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tacrolimus Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceforanide Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Salicylic acid Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Carboplatin Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxaprozin Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketoprofen Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Balsalazide Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ibuprofen Ibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefditoren Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Atazanavir Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Colistimethate Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefuroxime Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefapirin Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefadroxil Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefprozil Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Olsalazine Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Lumiracoxib Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefamandole Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefazolin Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefonicid Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoperazone Cefoperazone may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefotetan Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefoxitin Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftizoxime Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefradine Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Magnesium salicylate Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Salsalate Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Choline magnesium trisalicylate Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefepime Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefacetrile Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftibuten Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cefpodoxime Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Antrafenine Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Aminophenazone Aminophenazone may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Antipyrine Antipyrine may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Tiaprofenic acid Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Lopinavir Lopinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Etoricoxib Etoricoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Hydrolyzed Cephalothin Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cephalothin Group Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Latamoxef Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Nimesulide Nimesulide may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Benoxaprofen Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Metamizole Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Zomepirac Zomepirac may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftobiprole Ceftobiprole may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Cimicoxib Cimicoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Ceftaroline fosamil Ceftaroline fosamil may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Lornoxicam Lornoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.
Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Eucalyptus oil which could result in a higher serum level.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 23853660
    Jun YS, Kang P, Min SS, Lee JM, Kim HK, Seol GH: Effect of eucalyptus oil inhalation on pain and inflammatory responses after total knee replacement: a randomized clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:502727. doi: 10.1155/2013/502727. Epub 2013 Jun 18.
  • PMID: 18423004
    Serafino A, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Andreola F, Zonfrillo M, Mercuri L, Federici M, Rasi G, Garaci E, Pierimarchi P: Stimulatory effect of Eucalyptus essential oil on innate cell-mediated immune response. BMC Immunol. 2008 Apr 18;9:17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-17.
  • PMID: 23570005
    Bachir RG, Benali M: Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012 Sep;2(9):739-42. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60220-2.
  • PMID: 17896321
    McLean S, Boyle RR, Brandon S, Davies NW, Sorensen JS: Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): significance for feeding. Xenobiotica. 2007 Sep;37(9):903-22. doi: 10.1080/00498250701570277.
  • PMID: 10985073
    Kohlert C, van Rensen I, Marz R, Schindler G, Graefe EU, Veit M: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of natural volatile terpenes in animals and humans. Planta Med. 2000 Aug;66(6):495-505. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8616.
  • PMID: 9187519
    McLean S, Foley WJ: Metabolism of Eucalyptus terpenes by herbivorous marsupials. Drug Metab Rev. 1997 Feb-May;29(1-2):213-8.
  • PMID: 5440307
    Jori A, Bianchetti A, Prestini PE, Gerattini S: Effect of eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) on the metabolism of other drugs in rats and in man. Eur J Pharmacol. 1970 Mar;9(3):362-6.
  • PMID: 11465406
    Pass GJ, McLean S, Stupans I, Davies N: Microsomal metabolism of the terpene 1,8-cineole in the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), rat and human. Xenobiotica. 2001 Apr;31(4):205-21. doi: 10.1080/00498250110043535 .
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