Peringatan Keamanan

No studies on repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity have been submitted. Moreover, studies show that the tumor incidence in allantoin treated animals did not differ largely from that found in untreated controls. As a result, further or additional toxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity tests are not required in view of the endogenous nature of allantoin and the general lack of overall toxicity FDA Label.

Finally, as allantoin is a normal component of the diet in humans and is a substance of endogenous origin present in the body of humans, it is generally recognized as being a safe substance for humans FDA Label.

Allantoin

DB11100

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Allantoin is a substance that is endogenous to the human body and also found as a normal component of human diets FDA Label. In healthy human volunteers, the mean plasma concentration of allantoin is about 2-3 mg/l. During exercise, the plasma allantoin concentration rapidly increases about two fold and remains elevated FDA Label. In human muscle, urate is oxidized to allantoin during such exercise FDA Label. The concentration of allantoin in muscles increases from a resting value of about 5000 ug/kg to about 16000 ug/kg immediately after short-term exhaustive cycling exercise FDA Label.

More specifically, allantoin is a diureide of glyoxylic acid that is produced from uric acid. It is a major metabolic intermediate in most organisms. Allantoin is found in OTC cosmetic products and other commercial products such as oral hygiene products, in shampoos, lipsticks, anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions A32213. Allantoin has also demonstrated to ameliorate the wound healing process in some studies A23498.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 158.1154
Wujud -

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) When studied in cattle, sheep, and horses, the half-life of allantoin is in the range of 1 to 2.5 hours [FDA Label].
Volume Distribusi -
Klirens (Clearance) Some studies suggest that the average renal clearance of allantoin in normal, healthy human subjects is approximately 123 cc per minute [A32211]. It is generally agreed upon that exogenously administered allantoin is rapidly excreted [FDA Label].

Absorpsi

In studies on human subjects, a recovery of 19% and 34% of allantoin in the urine was observed but only in two individuals and only after the administration of massive doses of allantoin L1834. After intravenous administration, recovery in the urine was practically quantitative with doses of 75 to 600 mgm in the human model L1834. After 240 mgm, excretion continued for 72 hours in human subjects and the results were similar in regards to subcutaneous injection L1834.

Metabolisme

Uricase is the enzyme that possesses the functionality to convert uric acid to allantoin. Considering humans do not possess any endogenous uricase, uric acid is the only final breakdown product in the purine degradation of unwanted waste product purine nucleotides L1834. The presence of allantoin in human urine is subsequently the result of non-enzymatic processes on uric acid with reactive oxygen species A32212. Such non-enzymatic processes are consequently potentially suitable biomarkers for measuring oxidative stress in chronic illnesses and aging A32212. Furthermore, as allantoin is found endogenously and is part of basic, natural metabolic pathways, no accumulation is expected of it FDA Label. Additionally, allantoin is not believed to be metabolized to a measurable extent in humans and animals FDA Label.

Rute Eliminasi

Urinary clearance is the predominant excretion route FDA Label.

Interaksi Obat

69 Data
Ketoprofen The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ketoprofen is combined with Allantoin.
Dexketoprofen The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dexketoprofen is combined with Allantoin.
Diethylstilbestrol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Diethylstilbestrol.
Conjugated estrogens The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Conjugated estrogens.
Floxuridine The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Floxuridine.
Methadone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Methadone.
Fluorouracil The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Fluorouracil.
Clofibrate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Clofibrate.
Mitotane The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Mitotane.
Tamoxifen The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Tamoxifen.
Estradiol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol.
Ethinylestradiol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Ethinylestradiol.
Mestranol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Mestranol.
Diamorphine The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Diamorphine.
5-fluorouridine The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with 5-fluorouridine.
Estrone sulfate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Estrone sulfate.
Quinestrol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Quinestrol.
Hexestrol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Hexestrol.
Tegafur The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Tegafur.
Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A.
Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B.
Esterified estrogens The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Esterified estrogens.
Estradiol acetate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol acetate.
Estradiol cypionate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol cypionate.
Estradiol valerate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol valerate.
Estriol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be decreased when used in combination with Estriol.
Asparaginase Escherichia coli The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Asparaginase Escherichia coli.
Pegaspargase The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Pegaspargase.
Fluticasone propionate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Fluticasone propionate.
Oxandrolone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Oxandrolone.
Testosterone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Testosterone.
Niacin The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Niacin.
Prednisone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Prednisone.
Nandrolone phenpropionate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Nandrolone phenpropionate.
Danazol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Danazol.
Testosterone propionate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Testosterone propionate.
Stanolone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Stanolone.
Oxymetholone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Oxymetholone.
Methyltestosterone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Methyltestosterone.
Stanozolol The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Stanozolol.
Testosterone succinate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Testosterone succinate.
Nandrolone decanoate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Nandrolone decanoate.
Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi.
Meprednisone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Meprednisone.
Nandrolone The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Nandrolone.
Testosterone cypionate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Testosterone cypionate.
Testosterone enanthate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Testosterone enanthate.
Testosterone undecanoate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Testosterone undecanoate.
Prednisone acetate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Prednisone acetate.
Fluocinonide The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Fluocinonide.
Ciclesonide The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Ciclesonide.
Fluticasone furoate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Fluticasone furoate.
Beclomethasone dipropionate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Beclomethasone dipropionate.
Phenytoin The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Phenytoin.
Liothyronine The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Liothyronine.
Levothyroxine The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Levothyroxine.
Mephenytoin The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Mephenytoin.
Carbamazepine The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Carbamazepine.
Furosemide The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Furosemide.
Nitrofurantoin The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Nitrofurantoin.
Ethotoin The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Ethotoin.
Meclofenamic acid The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Meclofenamic acid.
Heparin The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Heparin.
Dantrolene The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Dantrolene.
Fosphenytoin The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Fosphenytoin.
Liotrix The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Liotrix.
Etofenamate The therapeutic efficacy of Allantoin can be increased when used in combination with Etofenamate.
Liothyronine I-131 The therapeutic efficacy of Liothyronine I-131 can be increased when used in combination with Allantoin.
Neocitrullamon The therapeutic efficacy of Neocitrullamon can be increased when used in combination with Allantoin.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 20877959
    Araujo LU, Grabe-Guimaraes A, Mosqueira VC, Carneiro CM, Silva-Barcellos NM: Profile of wound healing process induced by allantoin. Acta Cir Bras. 2010 Oct;25(5):460-6.
  • PMID: 18900011
    FRIEDMAN M, MYERS SO, ABRAHM PM: Allantoin clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1947 Dec;66(3):522.
  • PMID: 18636793
    Kand'ar R, Zakova P: Allantoin as a marker of oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(9):1270-4. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2008.244.
  • PMID: 16029681
    Thornfeldt C: Cosmeceuticals containing herbs: fact, fiction, and future. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jul;31(7 Pt 2):873-80; discussion 880.

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