Peringatan Keamanan

Oral LD50 values (mg/kg) for mouse, rat and rabbit are 1110, 887 and 1300, respectively. Oral LD50 values for child and adult human (mg/kg) are 228 and 506, respectively. Although systemic toxicity from topical administration is rare, methyl salicylate can be absorbed in intract skin to cause stimulation of the central nervous system respiratory center, disturbance of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and disturbance of intracellular respiration. Severe toxicity can result in acute lung injury, lethargy, coma, seizures, cerebral edema, and death. In case of salicylate poisoning, the treatment consists of general supportive care, gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal in cases of salicylate ingestion, and monitoring of serum salicylate concentrations. Bicarbonate infusions or hemodialysis can be used to achieve enhanced salicylate elimination A19287.

Methyl salicylate

DB09543

small molecule approved vet_approved

Deskripsi

Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen or wintergreen oil) is an organic ester naturally produced by many species of plants, particularly wintergreens. The compound was first extracted and isolated from plant species Gaultheria procumbens in 1843. It can be manufactured synthetically and it used as a fragrance, in foods, beverages, and liniments. It forms a colorless to yellow or reddish liquid and exhibits a characteristic odor and taste of wintergreen. For acute joint and muscular pain, methyl salicylate is used as a rubefacient and analgesic in deep heating liniments. It is used as a flavoring agent in chewing gums and mints in small concentrations and added as antiseptic in mouthwash solutions.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 152.1473
Wujud liquid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The plasma half-life for salicylate is 2 to 3 hr in low doses and about 12 hr at usual anti-inflammatory doses. The half-life of salicylate may be as long as 15 to 30 hr at high therapeutic doses or when there is intoxication.
Volume Distribusi After absorption, methyl salicylate is distributed throughout most body tissues and most transcellular fluids, primarily by pH dependent passive processes. Salicylate is actively transported by a low-capacity, saturable system out of the CSF across the choroid plexus. The drug readily crosses the placental barrier.
Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

Approximately 12-20% of topically applied methyl salicylate may be systemically absorbed through intact skin within 10 hours of application, and absorption varies with different conditions such as surface area and pH. Dermal bioavailability is in the range of 11.8 – 30.7%. For the assessment of potential oral exposure to salicylates, bioavailability is assumed to be 100% L777.

Metabolisme

Minor metabolism may occur in various tissues but hepatic metabolism constitutes the majority of metabolic processes of absorbed methyl salicylate. It is mainly hydrolyzed to salicylic acid via hepatic esterase enzymes. Conjugation with glycine forms salicyluric acid and conjugation with glucuronic forms ester or acyl and ether or phenolic glucuronide, which are the three main metabolites.

Rute Eliminasi

Excreted by kidneys as free salicylic acid (10%), salicyluric acid (75%), salicylic phenolic (10%) and acyl glucuronide (5%), and gentisic acid (less than 1%).

Interaksi Obat

368 Data
Ammonium chloride The serum concentration of Methyl salicylate can be increased when it is combined with Ammonium chloride.
Ginkgo biloba The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Ginkgo biloba is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Methotrexate The serum concentration of Methotrexate can be increased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Pralatrexate The serum concentration of Pralatrexate can be increased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Probenecid The therapeutic efficacy of Probenecid can be decreased when used in combination with Methyl salicylate.
Treprostinil The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Treprostinil is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Ketoprofen The risk or severity of bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Ketoprofen.
Dexketoprofen The risk or severity of bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Dexketoprofen.
Coumarin Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Coumarin.
Digoxin The serum concentration of Digoxin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Acetyldigitoxin The serum concentration of Acetyldigitoxin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Deslanoside The serum concentration of Deslanoside can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Ouabain The serum concentration of Ouabain can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Digitoxin The serum concentration of Digitoxin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Oleandrin The serum concentration of Oleandrin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Cymarin The serum concentration of Cymarin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Proscillaridin The serum concentration of Proscillaridin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Metildigoxin The serum concentration of Metildigoxin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Lanatoside C The serum concentration of Lanatoside C can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Gitoformate The serum concentration of Gitoformate can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Acetyldigoxin The serum concentration of Acetyldigoxin can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Peruvoside The serum concentration of Peruvoside can be decreased when it is combined with Methyl salicylate.
Tioguanine The metabolism of Tioguanine can be decreased when combined with Methyl salicylate.
Azathioprine The metabolism of Azathioprine can be decreased when combined with Methyl salicylate.
Mercaptopurine The metabolism of Mercaptopurine can be decreased when combined with Methyl salicylate.
Lepirudin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Lepirudin.
Bivalirudin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Bivalirudin.
Alteplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Alteplase.
Urokinase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Urokinase.
Reteplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Reteplase.
Anistreplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Anistreplase.
Tenecteplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Tenecteplase.
Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Abciximab.
Drotrecogin alfa The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Drotrecogin alfa.
Streptokinase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Streptokinase.
Dicoumarol Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Dicoumarol.
Argatroban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Argatroban.
Ardeparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Ardeparin.
Phenindione Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Phenindione.
Fondaparinux The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Fondaparinux.
Warfarin Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Warfarin.
Pentosan polysulfate The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Pentosan polysulfate.
Phenprocoumon Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Phenprocoumon.
Dipyridamole The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Dipyridamole.
Heparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Heparin.
Enoxaparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Enoxaparin.
Epoprostenol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Epoprostenol.
Acenocoumarol Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol.
4-hydroxycoumarin Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of 4-hydroxycoumarin.
Ximelagatran The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Ximelagatran.
Desmoteplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Desmoteplase.
Defibrotide The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Defibrotide.
Ancrod The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Ancrod.
Beraprost The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Beraprost.
Prasugrel The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Prasugrel.
Rivaroxaban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Rivaroxaban.
Sulodexide The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Sulodexide.
Semuloparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Semuloparin.
Idraparinux The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Idraparinux.
Cangrelor The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Cangrelor.
Astaxanthin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Astaxanthin.
Apixaban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Apixaban.
Otamixaban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Otamixaban.
Amediplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Amediplase.
Dabigatran etexilate The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Dabigatran etexilate.
Danaparoid The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Danaparoid.
Dalteparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Dalteparin.
Tinzaparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Tinzaparin.
(R)-warfarin Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of (R)-warfarin.
Ethyl biscoumacetate Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Ethyl biscoumacetate.
Nadroparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Nadroparin.
Triflusal The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Triflusal.
Ticagrelor The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Ticagrelor.
Ditazole The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Ditazole.
Vorapaxar The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Vorapaxar.
Edoxaban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Edoxaban.
Sodium citrate The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Sodium citrate.
Dextran The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Dextran.
Bemiparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Bemiparin.
Parnaparin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Parnaparin.
Desirudin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Desirudin.
Antithrombin Alfa The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Antithrombin Alfa.
Protein C The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Protein C.
Antithrombin III human The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Antithrombin III human.
Letaxaban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Letaxaban.
Darexaban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Darexaban.
Betrixaban The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Betrixaban.
Nafamostat The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Nafamostat.
Monteplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Monteplase.
Gabexate The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Gabexate.
Fluindione Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Fluindione.
Protein S human The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Protein S human.
Brinase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Brinase.
Clorindione Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Clorindione.
Diphenadione Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Diphenadione.
Tioclomarol Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Tioclomarol.
Melagatran The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Melagatran.
Saruplase The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Saruplase.
(S)-Warfarin Methyl salicylate may increase the anticoagulant activities of (S)-Warfarin.
Tocopherylquinone The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Methyl salicylate is combined with Tocopherylquinone.

Target Protein

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 TRPA1

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 27729775
    He YY, Yan Y, Zhang HF, Lin YH, Chen YC, Yan Y, Wu P, Fang JS, Yang SH, Du GH: Methyl salicylate 2-O-beta-d-lactoside alleviates the pathological progression of pristane-induced systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease in mice via suppression of inflammatory response and signal transduction. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Sep 29;10:3183-3196. eCollection 2016.
  • PMID: 24712652
    Xin W, Huang C, Zhang X, Xin S, Zhou Y, Ma X, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhou S, Zhang D, Zhang T, Du G: Methyl salicylate lactoside inhibits inflammatory response of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and joint destruction in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Jul;171(14):3526-38. doi: 10.1111/bph.12715.
  • PMID: 15033879
    Mason L, Moore RA, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, Derry S, Wiffen PJ: Systematic review of efficacy of topical rubefacients containing salicylates for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. BMJ. 2004 Apr 24;328(7446):995. Epub 2004 Mar 19.
  • PMID: 20171409
    Higashi Y, Kiuchi T, Furuta K: Efficacy and safety profile of a topical methyl salicylate and menthol patch in adult patients with mild to moderate muscle strain: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Clin Ther. 2010 Jan;32(1):34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.016.
  • PMID: 25425092
    Derry S, Matthews PR, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA: Salicylate-containing rubefacients for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 26;(11):CD007403. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007403.pub3.
  • PMID: 25411557
    Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ: Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7). pii: CD008609.
  • PMID: 26973745
    Thompson TM, Toerne T, Erickson TB: Salicylate Toxicity from Genital Exposure to a Methylsalicylate-Containing Rubefacient. West J Emerg Med. 2016 Mar;17(2):181-3. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2016.1.29262. Epub 2016 Mar 2.

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