Hydroquinone

DB09526

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

Hydroquinone is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles. It can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.

Hydroquinone has come under scrutiny due to several complications associated with its use, including dermal irritation, exogenous onchronosis, and carginogenicity. As a result of these concerns, hydroquinone has been banned in the EU and UK.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 110.1106

Wujud -

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) -

Volume Distribusi -

Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

Data absorpsi tidak tersedia.

Metabolisme

Data metabolisme tidak tersedia.

Rute Eliminasi

Data eliminasi belum tersedia.

Interaksi Obat

0 Data

Tidak ada data.

Target Protein

Tyrosinase TYR

Integrin beta-3 ITGB3

Integrin alpha-IIb ITGA2B

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 CYSLTR1

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 27521610
Matsumoto M, Todo H, Akiyama T, Hirata-Koizumi M, Sugibayashi K, Ikarashi Y, Ono A, Hirose A, Yokoyama K: Risk assessment of skin lightening cosmetics containing hydroquinone. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016 Aug 10. pii: S0273-2300(16)30226-4. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.005.
PMID: 27515134
Chen Y, Chen J, Yun L, Xu L, Liu J, Xu Y, Yang H, Liang H, Tang H: Hydroquinone-induced malignant transformation of TK6 cells by facilitating SIRT1-mediated p53 degradation and up-regulating KRAS. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Aug 8. pii: S0378-4274(16)33093-4. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.006.
PMID: 27372064
Gbetoh MH, Amyot M: Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada. Environ Res. 2016 Jul 1;150:403-410. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.030.
PMID: 1220808
Findlay GH, Morrison JG, Simson IW: Exogenous ochronosis and pigmented colloid milium from hydroquinone bleaching creams. Br J Dermatol. 1975 Dec;93(6):613-22.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 482 • International brands: 0

Produk

141010 Hydroquinone 4%

Emulsion • 4 g/100g • Topical • US
141011 Hydroquinone 6%

Emulsion • 6 g/100g • Topical • US
141016 Hydrocortisone 0.5% / Hydroquinone 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%

Emulsion • - • Topical • US
141017 Hydrocortisone 0.5% / Hydroquinone 6% / Tretinoin 0.025%

Emulsion • - • Topical • US
141030 Hydroquinone 8%

Emulsion • 8 g/100g • Topical • US
141055 Hydroquinone 6%

Emulsion • 6 g/100g • Topical • US
141060 Hydrocortisone 0.5% / Hydroquinone 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%

Emulsion • - • Topical • US
141061 Hydrocortisone 0.5% / Hydroquinone 8% / Tretinoin 0.025%

Emulsion • - • Topical • US

Menampilkan 8 dari 482 produk.

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.