Peringatan Keamanan

Although many national health agencies like the FDA and Health Canada have concluded that the addition or use of food additive sweeteners like xylose is safe and effective for their intended purposes of use in food, it is also known that eating too much of these substances can also ultimately cause gastrointestinal discomfort and laxative effects L2428. These effects are largely the result of excessive amounts of ingested sugar alcohols being poorly taken up from the gastrointestinal tract L2428. Regardless, the extent to which these kinds of effects occur depends on variances between individuals and it is also possible for individuals to develop a tolerance via frequent consumption of such sweetener containing products L2428. In doing so, such individuals can increase consumption of these agents without experiencing adverse effects L2428.

The acute oral toxicity (LD50) for the mouse animal model has been recorded as 23000 mg/kg MSDS.

Xylose

DB09419

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Xylose is a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type consisted of five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. Xylose is a sugar isolated from wood. D-Xylose is a sugar widely used as a diabetic sweetener in food and beverage. Xylose has also been used as a diagnostic agent to observe malabsorption. Reduction of xylose by catalytic hydrogenation produces the common food additive sweetener substitute xylitol DB11195.

The dextrorotary form of xylose, D-xylose, refers usually to the endogenously occurring form of the sugar in living things. The levorotary form, L-xylose, can refer to the form that is synthesized. Nevertheless, xylose by itself may not necessarily serve many purposes immediately - but its metabolism results in a variety of substrates that can serve important nutritional and biological purposes.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 150.1299
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The elimination half-life observed in healthy individuals is 75 minutes [T171].
Volume Distribusi The volume of distribution observed for d-xylose in normal healthy subjects is 0.22 L/kg [T171].
Klirens (Clearance) The renal clearance rate observed in healthy individuals is 89 ml/min [T171]. The accompanying plasma and non-renal clearances are 180 and 91 ml/min, respectively [T171].

Absorpsi

When 12 normal healthy subjects were given an intravenous D-xylose dosing of 10 grams and then an oral dose of 25 grams a week later, the observed absorption percentage was about 69.4% (p < 0.002) and the observed absorption rate was approximately 1.03/hr (p< 0.05) A32672. The maximum concentration observed in the subjects was 0.53 mg/L with 71 minutes being the time to reach the maximum concentration T171. The absolute bioavailability recorded was 69% T171.

Metabolisme

The most common and traditional metabolism pathway for xylose is the oxidoreductase pathway (or xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase, XR-XDH pathway) A32666. In this pathway, xylose is first reduced to xylitol using the xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme with NADH or NADPH A32666. The resultant xylitol is subsequently oxidized to D-xylulose by the xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme while utilizing the cofactor NAD A32666. Finally, the D-xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilizing kinase (xylulose kinase enzyme) to generate D-xylulose-5-phosphate, which serves as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway for nucleotide synthesis A32666.

Rute Eliminasi

In patients with normal kidney function, renal excretion accounts for approximately half (50%) of their total D-xylose elimination A32673. Any non-renal D-xylose elimination is presumed to be hepatic clearance A32673.

Interaksi Obat

0 Data
Tidak ada data.

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 24741154
    Chattopadhyay S, Raychaudhuri U, Chakraborty R: Artificial sweeteners - a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2014 Apr;51(4):611-21. doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1. Epub 2011 Oct 21.
  • PMID: 22685138
    Lee SM, Jellison T, Alper HS: Directed evolution of xylose isomerase for improved xylose catabolism and fermentation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Aug;78(16):5708-16. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01419-12. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
  • PMID: 18490833
    Iizuka K, Horikawa Y: ChREBP: a glucose-activated transcription factor involved in the development of metabolic syndrome. Endocr J. 2008 Aug;55(4):617-24. Epub 2008 May 19.
  • PMID: 6827177
    Craig RM, Murphy P, Gibson TP, Quintanilla A, Chao GC, Cochrane C, Patterson A, Atkinson AJ Jr: Kinetic analysis of D-xylose absorption in normal subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure. J Lab Clin Med. 1983 Mar;101(3):496-506.
  • PMID: 3286361
    Craig RM, Atkinson AJ Jr: D-xylose testing: a review. Gastroenterology. 1988 Jul;95(1):223-31.
Textbook
  • ISBN: 1468448269
    Nancy B. Cummings, S. Klahr (2012). Chronic Renal Disease: Causes, Complications, and Treatment. Springer Science & Business Media.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 3 • International brands: 0
Produk
  • Cream
    Cream • - • Dental • US • OTC
  • Xylo-pfan
    Powder, for solution • 25 g / bottle • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Xylo-tol Pwr 25gm/pck
    Powder • 25 g / pck • Oral • Canada • Approved

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