The cases of overdose with piracetam is rare. The highest reported overdose with piracetam was oral intake of 75g which was associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain; the signs were most likely related to the extreme high dose of sorbitol contained in the used formulation. In cases of acute, significant overdosage, stomach emptying by gastric lavage or induced emesis is recommended as there are no known antidotes for piracetam L1124. Management for an overdose will most likely be symptomatic treatment and may include hemodialysis, where the extraction efficacy of the dialyser is 50 to 60% for the drug L1124.
Oral LD50 in a mouse acute toxicity study was 2000 mg/kg MSDS.
Piracetam is a nootropic drug in the racetams group, with chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide. It shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid and is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However its mechanism of action differ from that of endogenous GABA. Piracetam has neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties and is reported to improve neural plasticity A31532. Its efficacy is documented in cognitive disorders and dementia, vertigo, cortical myoclonus, dyslexia, and sickle cell anemia although the clinical application in these conditions is not yet established. Piracetam has effects on the vascular system by reducing erythrocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium, hindering vasospasms and facilitating microcirculation A31532.
Originally marketed by UCB Pharma in 1971, piracetam was the first nootropic drug to modulate cognitive function without causing sedation or stimulation A31532. It is not approved for any medical or dietary use by the FDA. In the UK, piracetam is prescribed mainly for myoclonus, but is used off-label for other conditions such as learning difficulties in children, memory loss or other cognitive defects in the elderly, and sickle-cell vaso-occlusive crises L1124. Evidence to support its use for many conditions is unclear.
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.
| Thyrotropin alfa | The risk or severity of confusion, irritability, and sleep disorders can be increased when Thyrotropin alfa is combined with Piracetam. |
| Liothyronine | The risk or severity of confusion, irritability, and sleep disorders can be increased when Liothyronine is combined with Piracetam. |
| Levothyroxine | The risk or severity of confusion, irritability, and sleep disorders can be increased when Levothyroxine is combined with Piracetam. |
| Liotrix | The risk or severity of confusion, irritability, and sleep disorders can be increased when Liotrix is combined with Piracetam. |
| Tiratricol | The risk or severity of confusion, irritability, and sleep disorders can be increased when Tiratricol is combined with Piracetam. |
| Thyroid, porcine | The risk or severity of confusion, irritability, and sleep disorders can be increased when Thyroid, porcine is combined with Piracetam. |
| Cyclosporine | Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Icosapent | Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotiam | Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Mesalazine | Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmenoxime | Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmetazole | Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pamidronic acid | Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenofovir disoproxil | Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Indomethacin | Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cidofovir | Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpiramide | Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftazidime | Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Loracarbef | Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefalotin | Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nabumetone | Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketorolac | Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenoxicam | Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Celecoxib | Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotaxime | Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tolmetin | Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Foscarnet | Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Rofecoxib | Rofecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Piroxicam | Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Methotrexate | Methotrexate may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephalexin | Cephalexin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fenoprofen | Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Valdecoxib | Valdecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diclofenac | Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulindac | Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Bacitracin | Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Amphotericin B | Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephaloglycin | Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Flurbiprofen | Flurbiprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Adefovir dipivoxil | Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pentamidine | Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etodolac | Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Mefenamic acid | Mefenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acyclovir | Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Naproxen | Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulfasalazine | Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Phenylbutazone | Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Meloxicam | Meloxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carprofen | Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefaclor | Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diflunisal | Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceforanide | Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salicylic acid | Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Meclofenamic acid | Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carboplatin | Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxaprozin | Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketoprofen | Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Balsalazide | Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ibuprofen | Ibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefditoren | Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Atazanavir | Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Colistimethate | Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefuroxime | Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefapirin | Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefadroxil | Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefprozil | Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftriaxone | Ceftriaxone may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Olsalazine | Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lumiracoxib | Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefamandole | Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefazolin | Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefonicid | Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefoperazone | Cefoperazone may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotetan | Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefoxitin | Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftizoxime | Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefradine | Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Magnesium salicylate | Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salsalate | Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Choline magnesium trisalicylate | Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefepime | Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefacetrile | Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftibuten | Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpodoxime | Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Antrafenine | Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Aminophenazone | Aminophenazone may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Antipyrine | Antipyrine may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tiaprofenic acid | Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lopinavir | Lopinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etoricoxib | Etoricoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Hydrolyzed Cephalothin | Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephalothin Group | Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxyphenbutazone | Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Latamoxef | Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nimesulide | Nimesulide may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Benoxaprofen | Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Metamizole | Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Piracetam which could result in a higher serum level. |