Peringatan Keamanan

Patients experiencing and overdose may present with symptoms of a hypermetabolic state.^L11755 Overdose may be treated by symptomatic and supportive treatment, dose reduction or temporarily stopping the medication, induction of vomiting, administering oxygen, cardiac glycosides, as well as methods to control fever, hypoglycemia, and fluid loss.^L11755

Thyroid, porcine

DB09100

biotech approved

Deskripsi

Thyroid extract is dried and powdered thyroid glands from pigs containing tiiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) used to supplement low or absent thyroid activity.A190831,L11755 Thyroid extract has been described in literature to treat hypothyroidism since 1891^A190807 but its use dates back as far as the 6th century.^A190831 Thyroid extract is no longer considered a first line therapy as it delivers a dose that is inconsistent with the stated strength of the tablet.^A190813 Currently, patients are more likely to be treated with levothyroxine.^A190813

Thyroid extracts were never FDA approved as their use in the United States predates the FDA.^A190831

Struktur Molekul 2D

Struktur tidak tersedia

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Data regarding the half life of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.[L11755] Levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4, has a half life of 6.2 days in euthyroid patients and 7.5 days in hypothyroid patients.[A190894] T3 has a half life of 1.0 days in euthyroid patients and 1.4 days in hypothyroid patients.[A190894]

Volume Distribusi Data regarding the volume of distribution of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.[L11755] Levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4, has a volume of distribution of 11-15L.[A190894] L-triiodothyronine, a synthetic form of T3, has an apparent volume of distribution of 14.9±4.2L.[A190900]

Klirens (Clearance) Data regarding the clearance of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.[L11755] The clearance of levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4, is 0.044L/h in euthyroid patients and 0.038L/h in hypothyroid patients.[A190894]

Absorpsi

T4 is 48-79% absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and T3 is 95% absorbed.^L11755 L-triiodothyronine reaches a C_max of 320±60ng/L, with a T_max of 1.8±0.3h.^A190900 Levothyroxin has a T_max of2-3h.^A190894

Metabolisme

Approximately one third of the active T4 is deiodinated to the active T3, one third is deiodinated to the inactive reverse T3 (rT3), and one third is glucuronidated or sulfated.^A190903 Deiodination is mediated by iodothryonine deiodinases, glucuronidation is mediated by glucuronyltransferases, and sulfation is mediated by sulfotransferases.A190903,A190894 T3 and rT3 are further deiodinated to diiodothyronine (T2), iodothyronine (T1), and their reverse forms.^A190894 T4 can also undergo ether bond cleavage or oxidative deamination but these pathways are incredibly minor.^A190903

Rute Eliminasi

Data regarding the route of elimination of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.^L11755 20% of the body's naturally produced thyroxine is eliminated in the feces.^A190903

Interaksi Obat

488 Data

Tolevamer	Tolevamer can cause a decrease in the absorption of Thyroid, porcine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Diethylstilbestrol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Diethylstilbestrol.
Chlorotrianisene	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorotrianisene.
Conjugated estrogens	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Conjugated estrogens.
Estradiol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol.
Ethinylestradiol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Ethinylestradiol.
Mestranol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Mestranol.
Estrone sulfate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Estrone sulfate.
Quinestrol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Quinestrol.
Hexestrol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Hexestrol.
Tibolone	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Tibolone.
Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A.
Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, B.
Polyestradiol phosphate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Polyestradiol phosphate.
Esterified estrogens	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Esterified estrogens.
Zeranol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Zeranol.
Equol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Equol.
Methallenestril	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Methallenestril.
Epimestrol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Epimestrol.
Moxestrol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Moxestrol.
Estradiol acetate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol acetate.
Estradiol benzoate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol benzoate.
Estradiol cypionate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol cypionate.
Estradiol valerate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol valerate.
Biochanin A	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Biochanin A.
Formononetin	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Formononetin.
Estriol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Estriol.
Fluvoxamine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Fluvoxamine.
Citalopram	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Citalopram.
Fluoxetine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Fluoxetine.
Duloxetine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Duloxetine.
Trazodone	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Trazodone.
Paroxetine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Paroxetine.
Sertraline	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Sertraline.
Sibutramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Sibutramine.
Nefazodone	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Nefazodone.
Escitalopram	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Escitalopram.
Zimelidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Zimelidine.
Dapoxetine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Dapoxetine.
Milnacipran	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Milnacipran.
Desvenlafaxine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Desvenlafaxine.
Seproxetine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Seproxetine.
Indalpine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Indalpine.
Ritanserin	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Ritanserin.
Alaproclate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Alaproclate.
Colesevelam	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Colesevelam.
Calcium acetate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium acetate.
Calcium glucoheptonate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium glucoheptonate.
Calcium chloride	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium chloride.
Calcium	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium.
Calcium carbonate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium carbonate.
Calcium citrate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium citrate.
Calcium gluconate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium gluconate.
Calcium Phosphate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium Phosphate.
Calcium glubionate anhydrous	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium glubionate anhydrous.
Calcium lactate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium lactate.
Calcium lactate gluconate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium lactate gluconate.
Calcium pangamate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium pangamate.
Calcium levulinate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium levulinate.
Calcium cation	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium cation.
Calcium polycarbophil	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium polycarbophil.
Lanthanum carbonate	Lanthanum carbonate can cause a decrease in the absorption of Thyroid, porcine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Piracetam	The risk or severity of confusion, irritability, and sleep disorders can be increased when Thyroid, porcine is combined with Piracetam.
Metformin	The therapeutic efficacy of Metformin can be decreased when used in combination with Thyroid, porcine.
Vasopressin	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Vasopressin.
Felypressin	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Felypressin.
Methysergide	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Methysergide.
Dihydroergotamine	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Dihydroergotamine.
Sumatriptan	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Sumatriptan.
Ergotamine	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Ergotamine.
Cocaine	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Cocaine.
Naratriptan	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Naratriptan.
S-Ethylisothiourea	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of S-Ethylisothiourea.
Terlipressin	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Terlipressin.
Calyculin A	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Calyculin A.
Xylometazoline	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Xylometazoline.
Levonordefrin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Levonordefrin is combined with Thyroid, porcine.
Naphazoline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Naphazoline is combined with Thyroid, porcine.
Cirazoline	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Cirazoline.
Angiotensin II	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Angiotensin II.
Octopamine	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Octopamine.
Adrenalone	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Adrenalone.
Ornipressin	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Ornipressin.
Angiotensinamide	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Angiotensinamide.
Lypressin	Thyroid, porcine may increase the vasoconstricting activities of Lypressin.
Aminosalicylic acid	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Aminosalicylic acid.
Mesalazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Mesalazine.
Sulfasalazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Sulfasalazine.
Diflunisal	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Diflunisal.
Salicylic acid	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Salicylic acid.
Acetylsalicylic acid	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Acetylsalicylic acid.
Balsalazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Balsalazide.
Olsalazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Olsalazine.
Bismuth subsalicylate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Bismuth subsalicylate.
Dersalazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Dersalazine.
Phenyl aminosalicylate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Phenyl aminosalicylate.
Methyl salicylate	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Methyl salicylate.
Nitroaspirin	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Nitroaspirin.
Aloxiprin	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Aloxiprin.
Guacetisal	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be increased when used in combination with Guacetisal.

Target Protein

Thyroid hormone receptor alpha THRA

Thyroid hormone receptor beta THRB

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 31440205
Rabah SA, Gowan IL, Pagnin M, Osman N, Richardson SJ: Thyroid Hormone Distributor Proteins During Development in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Aug 8;10:506. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00506. eCollection 2019.
PMID: 20753415
Murray GR: Note on the Treatment of Myxoedema by Hypodermic Injections of an Extract of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep. Br Med J. 1891 Oct 10;2(1606):796-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.1606.796.
PMID: 31354624
McAninch EA, Bianco AC: The Swinging Pendulum in Treatment for Hypothyroidism: From (and Toward?) Combination Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Jul 9;10:446. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00446. eCollection 2019.
PMID: 31321670
Mateo RCI, Hennessey JV: Thyroxine and treatment of hypothyroidism: seven decades of experience. Endocrine. 2019 Oct;66(1):10-17. doi: 10.1007/s12020-019-02006-8. Epub 2019 Jul 18.
PMID: 30349610
Colucci P, Yue CS, Ducharme M, Benvenga S: A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. Eur Endocrinol. 2013 Mar;9(1):40-47. doi: 10.17925/EE.2013.09.01.40. Epub 2013 Mar 15.
PMID: 31364488
Van Tassell B, Wohlford GF 4th, Linderman JD, Smith S, Yavuz S, Pucino F, Celi FS: Pharmacokinetics of L-Triiodothyronine in Patients Undergoing Thyroid Hormone Therapy Withdrawal. Thyroid. 2019 Oct;29(10):1371-1379. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0101. Epub 2019 Sep 12.
PMID: 25905401
Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone .
PMID: 10845098
Zhang J, Lazar MA: The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:439-66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.439.

Menampilkan 8 dari 9 artikel.

Link

Health Canada Approved Drug Products: Desiccated Thyroid Oral Tablets

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 64 • International brands: 0

Produk

APur Thyroid

Tablet • 15 mg/1 • Oral • US
APur Thyroid

Tablet • 30 mg/1 • Oral • US
APur Thyroid

Tablet • 60 mg/1 • Oral • US
APur Thyroid

Tablet • 90 mg/1 • Oral • US
APur Thyroid

Tablet • 120 mg/1 • Oral • US
Armour Thyroid

Tablet • 15 mg/1 • Oral • US
Armour Thyroid

Tablet • 30 mg/1 • Oral • US
Armour Thyroid

Tablet • 60 mg/1 • Oral • US

Menampilkan 8 dari 64 produk.

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.