Long-term carcinogenicity and mutagenicity studies have not been performed with tiopronin. In experimental animal studies, high doses of tiopronin were shown to interfere with the maintenance of pregnancy and viability of a fetus. No neural tube defects were detected when tiopronin was given to mice and rats in doses up to 10 times the highest recommended human dose. However, the manufacturer does not rule out the possibility of teratogenicity, as it has been seen with the drug d-penicillamine, which acts with a similar mechanism to tiopronin. Tiopronin is not recommended for use in breastfeeding mothers and has no established safety in children 9 years old or younger.
There have been case reports of tiopronin-related nephropathy.
Tiopronin is a prescription thiol drug used primarily in the treatment of severe homozygous cystinuria. Patients with cystinuria excrete high levels of cystine in their urine and are at risk for kidney stone formation. Tiopronin is used as a second-line therapy to control the rate of cystine precipitation and excretion, and prevent kidney stone formation. It is used after a failure of the non-pharmacological first line treatment consisting of increased fluid intake, restriction of sodium and protein, and urinary alkalinization. As cystinuria is a relatively rare disease, tiopronin is classified as an orphan drug and is not patented in the United States. It is similar to d-penicillamine in use and efficacy, but offers the advantage of far less adverse effects. Tiopronin is dosed on an individual basis using close monitoring of urinary cystine concentrations and urinary output.
Tiopronin may also be used to bind metal nanoparticles in Wilson's disease, which is an overload of copper in the body. It has been investigated for use in the treatment of arthritis and as a neuroprotective agent in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.
| Cyclosporine | Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Icosapent | Icosapent may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotiam | Cefotiam may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Mesalazine | Mesalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmenoxime | Cefmenoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefmetazole | Cefmetazole may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pamidronic acid | Pamidronic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenofovir disoproxil | Tenofovir disoproxil may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Indomethacin | Indomethacin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cidofovir | Cidofovir may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpiramide | Cefpiramide may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftazidime | Ceftazidime may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Loracarbef | Loracarbef may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefalotin | Cefalotin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nabumetone | Nabumetone may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketorolac | Ketorolac may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tenoxicam | Tenoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Celecoxib | Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotaxime | Cefotaxime may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tolmetin | Tolmetin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Foscarnet | Foscarnet may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Rofecoxib | Rofecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Piroxicam | Piroxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Methotrexate | Methotrexate may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephalexin | Cephalexin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fenoprofen | Fenoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Valaciclovir | Valaciclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Valdecoxib | Valdecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diclofenac | Diclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulindac | Sulindac may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Bacitracin | Bacitracin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Amphotericin B | Amphotericin B may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephaloglycin | Cephaloglycin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Flurbiprofen | Flurbiprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Adefovir dipivoxil | Adefovir dipivoxil may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pentamidine | Pentamidine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etodolac | Etodolac may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Mefenamic acid | Mefenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acyclovir | Acyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Naproxen | Naproxen may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulfasalazine | Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Phenylbutazone | Phenylbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Meloxicam | Meloxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carprofen | Carprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefaclor | Cefaclor may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diflunisal | Diflunisal may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceforanide | Ceforanide may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salicylic acid | Salicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Meclofenamic acid | Meclofenamic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | Acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Carboplatin | Carboplatin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxaprozin | Oxaprozin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ketoprofen | Ketoprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Balsalazide | Balsalazide may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ibuprofen | Ibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefditoren | Cefditoren may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Atazanavir | Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Colistimethate | Colistimethate may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefuroxime | Cefuroxime may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefapirin | Cefapirin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefadroxil | Cefadroxil may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefprozil | Cefprozil may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftriaxone | Ceftriaxone may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Olsalazine | Olsalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lumiracoxib | Lumiracoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefamandole | Cefamandole may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefazolin | Cefazolin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefonicid | Cefonicid may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefoperazone | Cefoperazone may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefotetan | Cefotetan may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefoxitin | Cefoxitin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftizoxime | Ceftizoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefradine | Cefradine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Magnesium salicylate | Magnesium salicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Salsalate | Salsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Choline magnesium trisalicylate | Choline magnesium trisalicylate may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefepime | Cefepime may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefacetrile | Cefacetrile may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftibuten | Ceftibuten may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefpodoxime | Cefpodoxime may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Antrafenine | Antrafenine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Aminophenazone | Aminophenazone may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Antipyrine | Antipyrine may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tiaprofenic acid | Tiaprofenic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lopinavir | Lopinavir may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Etoricoxib | Etoricoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Hydrolyzed Cephalothin | Hydrolyzed Cephalothin may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cephalothin Group | Cephalothin Group may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Oxyphenbutazone | Oxyphenbutazone may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Latamoxef | Latamoxef may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nimesulide | Nimesulide may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Benoxaprofen | Benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Metamizole | Metamizole may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Zomepirac | Zomepirac may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftobiprole | Ceftobiprole may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cimicoxib | Cimicoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ceftaroline fosamil | Ceftaroline fosamil may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Lornoxicam | Lornoxicam may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Aceclofenac | Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Tiopronin which could result in a higher serum level. |