There are many reported LD50 values in animals. The LD50 in mice and rats exposed to manganese (Mn) via gavage ranged from 225 to 1,082 mg Mn/kg/day.L50677
While manganese is an essential metal for various biochemical processes, it is also associated with the potential to cause neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity.A263657 Manganese toxicity is rare, but it can arise from occupational, accidental, or iatrogenic exposures.A263657, A263662 Acute manganese toxicity was reported in adult patients following infusion of manganese more than 10,000-fold the recommended dosage and after the use of dialysis fluid contaminated with manganese. Signs and symptoms included skin flushing, acute pancreatitis, elevated whole blood manganese concentrations, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of brain accumulation of manganese. Chronic infusion and oral intake of manganese above the recommended dosage have resulted in neuropsychiatric symptoms and MRI evidence of brain accumulation of manganese.L50667 Manganese-induced neurotoxicity is associated with motor dysfunction syndrome or Parkinsonism.A263662, A263687, A263692
Manganese is a transition metal that was first described in the 19th and 20th centuries.A263657 It is environmentally abundant, being the fifth most abundant metal and the twelfth most abundant element overall on Earth.A263657, A263667 Manganese intake primarily occurs through the diet,A263687 as it is found at low levels in many food sources and water.A263687, A263662 In humans, manganese regulates several physiological processes by acting as a cofactor for proteins A263657, A263662, A263667 making it an essential metal for normal development and physiological functions.A263657
Manganese can be found in over-the-counter nutritional supplements and vitamins.A263667 It is commonly used in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy.L50667 Apart from its use in human health, has been used in the mining industry, welding, smelting, and the manufacture of batteries.A263657
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.