Peringatan Keamanan

Toxicity information regarding betaine is not readily available. Patients experiencing an overdose are at an increased risk of severe adverse effects such as cerebral edema in patients with cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency.L43105 Symptomatic and supportive measures are recommended. In an acute toxicology study in rats, death frequently occurred at doses equal to or greater than 10,000 mg/kg.L43105 The effects of betaine on long-term carcinogenicity and fertility have not been evaluated. The following tests have not shown evidence of betaine genotoxicity: metaphase analysis of human lymphocytes, bacterial reverse mutation assay, and mouse micronucleus test.L43105

Betaine

DB06756

small molecule approved investigational nutraceutical

Deskripsi

Betaine is a methyl group donor that functions in the normal metabolic cycle of methionine. It is a naturally occurring choline derivative commonly ingested through diet, with a role in regulating cellular hydration and maintaining cell function.A252235,A252240 Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder that leads to the accumulation of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Currently, no treatments are available to correct the genetic causes of homocystinuria. However, in order to normalize homocysteine levels, patients can be treated with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), folate and specific diets.L43115 Betaine reduces plasma homocysteine levels in patients with homocystinuria.L43105 Although it is present in many food products, the levels found there are insufficient to treat this condition. The FDA and EMA have approved the product Cystadane (betaine anhydrous, oral solution) for the treatment of homocystinuria,L43105,L43115 and the EMA has approved the use of Amversio (betaine anhydrous, oral powder).L43110

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 117.1463
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) In healthy volunteers (n=12) given 50 mg/kg of betaine, the elimination half-life was 14.38 h.[A252230] In volunteers given 100 mg/kg/day of betaine for 5 days, the distribution half-life was significantly longer, suggesting that the transport and redistribution processes of betaine were saturated.[L43110]
Volume Distribusi Based on a study done on healthy volunteers (n=12) given 50 mg/kg of betaine, the volume of distribution was 1.3 L/kg.[A252230]
Klirens (Clearance) Based on a study done on healthy volunteers (n=12) given 50 mg/kg of betaine, total oral plasma drug clearance was 0.084 L/h?kg.[A252230]

Absorpsi

Betaine is rapidly absorbed and distributed. In healthy volunteers (n=12) given 50 mg/kg of betaine, the Cmax, tmax and AUC0,? were 0.939 mmol/L, 0.90 h and 5.52 mmol?h/L, respectively.A252230 No significant changes in absorption kinetics were observed after repeated betaine administration (100 mg/kg/day for 5 days). The absolute bioavailability of betaine anhydrous has not been determined.L43110

Metabolisme

Betaine is catabolized mainly in the mitochondria of liver and kidney cells. The transmethylation of betaine via betaine homocysteine methyl transferase (BHMT) leads to the formation of dimethylglycine.A252235

Rute Eliminasi

Betaine is mainly eliminated by metabolism.A252230 With a slow elimination rate and assuming 100% bioavailability, the renal clearance of betaine is negligible (5% of total body clearance).L43110

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data
  • 1. Take with or without food. Oral betaine powder should be mixed with food or a beverage and then consumed.

Interaksi Obat

295 Data
Dipyridamole The therapeutic efficacy of Betaine can be decreased when used in combination with Dipyridamole.
Ephedrine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Ephedrine.
Bambuterol Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Bambuterol.
Clevidipine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Clevidipine.
Sar9, Met (O2)11-Substance P Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Sar9, Met (O2)11-Substance P.
Mirabegron Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Mirabegron.
Moxisylyte Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Moxisylyte.
Propacetamol Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Propacetamol.
Procaine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Procaine.
Cocaine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Cocaine.
Trimethaphan Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Trimethaphan.
Doxacurium Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Doxacurium.
Chloroprocaine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Chloroprocaine.
Tubocurarine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Tubocurarine.
Aclidinium Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Aclidinium.
Butyrylthiocholine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Butyrylthiocholine.
Oxybuprocaine Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Oxybuprocaine.
Benzonatate Betaine may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Benzonatate.
Succinylcholine The metabolism of Succinylcholine can be decreased when combined with Betaine.
Tramadol The therapeutic efficacy of Tramadol can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Trospium The therapeutic efficacy of Trospium can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Oxyphenonium The therapeutic efficacy of Oxyphenonium can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Butabarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Butabarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Butalbital The therapeutic efficacy of Butalbital can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Benzatropine The therapeutic efficacy of Benzatropine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Ziprasidone The therapeutic efficacy of Ziprasidone can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Disopyramide The therapeutic efficacy of Disopyramide can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Talbutal The therapeutic efficacy of Talbutal can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Pentobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Pentobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Amitriptyline The therapeutic efficacy of Amitriptyline can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Ipratropium The therapeutic efficacy of Ipratropium can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Methadone The therapeutic efficacy of Methadone can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Olanzapine The therapeutic efficacy of Olanzapine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Metixene The therapeutic efficacy of Metixene can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Terfenadine The therapeutic efficacy of Terfenadine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Buclizine The therapeutic efficacy of Buclizine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Clozapine The therapeutic efficacy of Clozapine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Doxylamine The therapeutic efficacy of Doxylamine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Trihexyphenidyl The therapeutic efficacy of Trihexyphenidyl can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Oxyphencyclimine The therapeutic efficacy of Oxyphencyclimine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Procyclidine The therapeutic efficacy of Procyclidine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Profenamine The therapeutic efficacy of Profenamine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Secobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Secobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Promazine The therapeutic efficacy of Promazine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Hyoscyamine The therapeutic efficacy of Hyoscyamine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Cyproheptadine The therapeutic efficacy of Cyproheptadine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Imipramine The therapeutic efficacy of Imipramine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Methscopolamine bromide The therapeutic efficacy of Methscopolamine bromide can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Metharbital The therapeutic efficacy of Metharbital can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Fluoxetine The therapeutic efficacy of Fluoxetine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Chlorpromazine The therapeutic efficacy of Chlorpromazine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Darifenacin The therapeutic efficacy of Darifenacin can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Tridihexethyl The therapeutic efficacy of Tridihexethyl can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Triflupromazine The therapeutic efficacy of Triflupromazine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Dextromethorphan The therapeutic efficacy of Dextromethorphan can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Anisotropine methylbromide The therapeutic efficacy of Anisotropine methylbromide can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Nortriptyline The therapeutic efficacy of Nortriptyline can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Amoxapine The therapeutic efficacy of Amoxapine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Atropine The therapeutic efficacy of Atropine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Thiopental The therapeutic efficacy of Thiopental can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Nicardipine The therapeutic efficacy of Nicardipine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Mecamylamine The therapeutic efficacy of Mecamylamine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Pirenzepine The therapeutic efficacy of Pirenzepine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Paroxetine The therapeutic efficacy of Paroxetine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Homatropine methylbromide The therapeutic efficacy of Homatropine methylbromide can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Scopolamine The therapeutic efficacy of Scopolamine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Isoflurane The therapeutic efficacy of Isoflurane can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Benzquinamide The therapeutic efficacy of Benzquinamide can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Clidinium The therapeutic efficacy of Clidinium can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Propiomazine The therapeutic efficacy of Propiomazine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Propantheline The therapeutic efficacy of Propantheline can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Primidone The therapeutic efficacy of Primidone can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Dicyclomine The therapeutic efficacy of Dicyclomine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Biperiden The therapeutic efficacy of Biperiden can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Brompheniramine The therapeutic efficacy of Brompheniramine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Methylphenobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Methylphenobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Quinidine The therapeutic efficacy of Quinidine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Amantadine The therapeutic efficacy of Amantadine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Maprotiline The therapeutic efficacy of Maprotiline can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Methantheline The therapeutic efficacy of Methantheline can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Hexafluronium The therapeutic efficacy of Hexafluronium can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Cycrimine The therapeutic efficacy of Cycrimine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Desloratadine The therapeutic efficacy of Desloratadine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Glycopyrronium The therapeutic efficacy of Glycopyrronium can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Tolterodine The therapeutic efficacy of Tolterodine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Oxybutynin The therapeutic efficacy of Oxybutynin can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Promethazine The therapeutic efficacy of Promethazine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Diphenhydramine The therapeutic efficacy of Diphenhydramine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Pentolinium The therapeutic efficacy of Pentolinium can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Doxepin The therapeutic efficacy of Doxepin can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Flavoxate The therapeutic efficacy of Flavoxate can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Desipramine The therapeutic efficacy of Desipramine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Orphenadrine The therapeutic efficacy of Orphenadrine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Phenobarbital The therapeutic efficacy of Phenobarbital can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Escitalopram The therapeutic efficacy of Escitalopram can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Quetiapine The therapeutic efficacy of Quetiapine can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Levacetylmethadol The therapeutic efficacy of Levacetylmethadol can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Diphenidol The therapeutic efficacy of Diphenidol can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Aripiprazole The therapeutic efficacy of Aripiprazole can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.
Chlorprothixene The therapeutic efficacy of Chlorprothixene can be decreased when used in combination with Betaine.

Target Protein

Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 BHMT

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Shandong Aobo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (2010). Preparation method of anhydrous betaine (Patent No. CN102557970B). China National Intellectual Property Administration. https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102557970B/en
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 19261122
    Yokoi K, Ito T, Ohkubo Y, Sumi S, Ueta A, Sugiyama N, Togari H: Long follow up of betaine therapy in two Japanese siblings with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Pediatr Int. 2008 Oct;50(5):694-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02717.x.
  • PMID: 12534635
    Schwahn BC, Hafner D, Hohlfeld T, Balkenhol N, Laryea MD, Wendel U: Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Jan;55(1):6-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01717.x.
  • PMID: 15321791
    Craig SA: Betaine in human nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):539-49. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539.
  • PMID: 34568401
    Truitt C, Hoff WD, Deole R: Health Functionalities of Betaine in Patients With Homocystinuria. Front Nutr. 2021 Sep 9;8:690359. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.690359. eCollection 2021.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 49 • International brands: 2
Produk
  • Acididyn Tab
    Tablet • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
  • Alka-pan Tablets
    Tablet • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
  • Amversio
    Powder • 1 g • Oral • EU • Approved
  • ATONO2 Oxygen Baby
    Lotion • 0.2 g/100g • Topical • US • OTC
  • Bemosin Tab
    Tablet • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
  • Betacol
    Capsule • - • Oral • Canada • OTC • Approved
  • Betaine
    Powder, for solution • 1 g/1g • Oral • US • Generic • Approved
  • Betaine Anhydrous
    For solution • 1 g/1g • Oral • US • Generic • Approved
Menampilkan 8 dari 49 produk.
International Brands
  • Amversio — SERB SA
  • Cystadane — Recordati Rare Diseases Inc.

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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