Peringatan Keamanan

Beta-carotene is not toxic but the high and constant administration of this substance can translate into skin yellow coloration.T160 Some reports have indicated that administration of high and periodic doses of beta-carotene are correlated to the increase in cancer incidence. This risk seems to be very elevated in the case of smokers.L2202 The registered LD50 of beta-carotene is >5000 mg/kg.MSDS

Beta carotene

DB06755

small molecule approved nutraceutical

Deskripsi

Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors.T162 It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits.T158 Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS).L2191

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 536.888
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The apparent half-life of beta-carotene is of 6-11 days after initial administration.[A32487]
Volume Distribusi No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed regarding the volume of distribution of beta-carotene.
Klirens (Clearance) The clearance rate of beta-carotene administered orally is 0.68 nmol/L each hour.[A32488]

Absorpsi

After administration of beta-carotene, some of the administered dose is absorbed into the circulatory system unchanged and stored in the fat tissue. The coadministration of beta-carotene and a high-fat content diet is correlated to a better absorption of beta-carotene. The absorption is also dependent on the isomeric form of the molecule where the cis conformation seems to present a higher bioavailability. The absorption of beta-carotene is thought to be performed in 6-7 hours.L2202 The reported AUC of beta-carotene when administered orally from 0 to 440 hours after initial administration was reported to be 26.3 mcg.h/L. The maximal concentration of beta-carotene is attained in a dual pharmacokinetic profile after 6 hours and again after 32 hours with a concentration of 0.58 micromol/L.A32488

Metabolisme

Beta-carotene is broken down in the mucosa of the small intestine and liver by beta-carotene dioxygenase to retinal which is a form of vitamin A.T158 The function of this enzyme is vital as it decides if the beta-carotene is transformed to vitamin A or if it circulates in the plasma as beta-carotene.T160 Less than a quarter of the ingested beta-carotene from root vegetables and about half of the beta-carotene from leafy green vegetables are converted to vitamin A.L2202

Rute Eliminasi

The unabsorbed carotene is excreted in feces.L2202 It is also excreted in feces and urine as metabolites.L2214 The consumption of dietary fiber can increase the fecal excretion of fats and other fat-soluble compounds such as beta-carotene.L2226

Interaksi Obat

1 Data
Orlistat Orlistat can cause a decrease in the absorption of Beta carotene resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

Target Protein

Free radicals

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 900968
    Mathews-Roth MM, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Harber LH, Kass EH: Beta carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1977 Sep;113(9):1229-32.
  • PMID: 12395217
    Thurmann PA, Steffen J, Zwernemann C, Aebischer CP, Cohn W, Wendt G, Schalch W: Plasma concentration response to drinks containing beta-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Oct;41(5):228-35. doi: 10.1007/s00394-002-0381-3.
  • PMID: 7661123
    Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA: Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;62(3):604-10. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/62.3.604.
Textbook
  • Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.
  • Lustgarten M., Muller F. and Van Remmen H. (2011). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (7th ed.). Academic press.
  • Dasgupta A. and Klein K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements. Elsevier.
  • Ramachandrayya A., Venkatesh S., Bhat H., Palatty P. and Shrinath M. (2015). Foods and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of disease in older adults. Academic press.
  • Flora G., Mittal M. and Flora S. (2015). Handbook of arsenic toxicology. Academic press.
  • Abrahao E., Ambrosano L., Lage R., Zugaib B. and Costa A. (2017). Nutrition and functional foods for healthy aging. Academic press.

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