Peringatan Keamanan

There is no difference in effect across gendersA177184,Label. The difference in effect across racial groups, patients under 6 years, renal impairment, hepatic impairment, pregnancy, lactation, and geriatric patients has not been well studied. Patients with renal impairment are not expected to need dose adjustment as the drug is not mainly cleared renallyLabel. Animal studies in pregnant and lactating rats showed delayed fetal skeletal ossification, and reduced weight gain in male offspringLabel. Due to these studies, caution must be exercised and the benefits and risks of taking this drug must be weighedLabel. It is unlikely that dexmethylphenidate is carcinogenic but B6C3F1 mice, which are sensitive to the development of hepatic tumours, developed hepatoblastomas at 2 times the maximum recommended human doseLabel. Methylpheidate was not found to be mutagenic but is weakly clastogenic in Chinese Hamster Ovary cellsLabel. Methylphenidate does not impair fertility in animal studiesLabel.

Dexmethylphenidate

DB06701

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

Dexmethylphenidate is the dextrorotary form of methylphenidate introduced in 2002^A177181. It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) and thus a psychostimulant^A177193. It is used for treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Label,A177181. The d-isomer is thought to have greater effect with fewer side effects than the l-isomer or the racemic mixture^A177181.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 233.3062

Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The mean terminal half life is approximately 2.2 hours[Label]. However other studies have shown 3.8-3.9 hours[A177184], or 5.96 hours after intravenous administration and 5.69 hours following an oral dose[A177187].

Volume Distribusi 2.65L/kg when administered intravenously[A177187].

Klirens (Clearance) 0.40L/hr/kg following an intravenous dose and a renal clearance of 0.005L/hr/kg[A177187,Label].

Absorpsi

Taking dexmethylphenidate with or without food does not affect patients in a clinically relevant way^A177187. 90% of an oral dose is absorbedLabel but as a result of hepatic first pass metabolism, oral bioavailability of dexmethylphenidate is 23% compared to l-methylphenidate with an oral bioavailability of 5% ^A177187. Maximum concentration is generally reached in 1-1.5 hoursLabel.

Metabolisme

Dexmethylphenidate is metabolised to the inactive metabolite ritalinic acid by carboxylesterase 1A1 in the liverLabel,A176038. Other minor pathways metabolise dexmethylphenidate to the inactive metabolites 6-oxo-methylphenidate and p-hydroxy-methylphenidate which are de-esterified and conjugated into other unknown metabolites^A177187.

Rute Eliminasi

Dexmethylphenidate is mainly eliminated renally^A177187. After 48 hours, 90% of the dose is collected in the urine and 3.3% is collected from feces^A177187.

Interaksi Makanan

2 Data

1. Avoid alcohol. Alcohol inhibits the metabolism of dexmethylphenidate.
2. Take with or without food.

Interaksi Obat

1152 Data

Valsartan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Valsartan.
Ramipril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramipril.
Esmolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Esmolol.
Betaxolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Betaxolol.
Reserpine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Reserpine.
Remikiren	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Remikiren.
Torasemide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Torasemide.
Bethanidine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bethanidine.
Guanadrel	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanadrel.
Metoprolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Metoprolol.
Isradipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Isradipine.
Olmesartan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Olmesartan.
Chlorthalidone	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Chlorthalidone.
Nitroprusside	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroprusside.
Atenolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Atenolol.
Diltiazem	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diltiazem.
Minoxidil	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Minoxidil.
Timolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Timolol.
Treprostinil	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Treprostinil.
Amlodipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Nimodipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nimodipine.
Nisoldipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nisoldipine.
Bendroflumethiazide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bendroflumethiazide.
Prazosin	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Prazosin.
Fosinopril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinopril.
Trandolapril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trandolapril.
Metolazone	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Metolazone.
Lercanidipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lercanidipine.
Benazepril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazepril.
Bosentan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan.
Propranolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Propranolol.
Enalapril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalapril.
Doxazosin	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Doxazosin.
Labetalol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Labetalol.
Cyclothiazide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cyclothiazide.
Bisoprolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bisoprolol.
Candoxatril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candoxatril.
Nicardipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nicardipine.
Guanabenz	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanabenz.
Mecamylamine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Mecamylamine.
Losartan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Losartan.
Moexipril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Moexipril.
Phentolamine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Phentolamine.
Eplerenone	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eplerenone.
Lisinopril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lisinopril.
Nitroglycerin	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroglycerin.
Hydroflumethiazide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydroflumethiazide.
Cryptenamine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cryptenamine.
Perindopril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindopril.
Candesartan cilexetil	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan cilexetil.
Tolazoline	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tolazoline.
Fenoldopam	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fenoldopam.
Indapamide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Indapamide.
Tadalafil	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tadalafil.
Alprenolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Alprenolol.
Eprosartan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eprosartan.
Chlorothiazide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Chlorothiazide.
Quinapril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinapril.
Omapatrilat	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Omapatrilat.
Phenoxybenzamine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Phenoxybenzamine.
Pindolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pindolol.
Telmisartan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Telmisartan.
Methyldopa	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methyldopa.
Hydrochlorothiazide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Guanfacine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanfacine.
Trichlormethiazide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trichlormethiazide.
Felodipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Felodipine.
Irbesartan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Irbesartan.
Nitrendipine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitrendipine.
Deserpidine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Deserpidine.
Pentolinium	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pentolinium.
Trimethaphan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trimethaphan.
Diazoxide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diazoxide.
Carvedilol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Carvedilol.
Bretylium	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bretylium.
Terazosin	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Terazosin.
Guanethidine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanethidine.
Rescinnamine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rescinnamine.
Acebutolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Acebutolol.
Captopril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Captopril.
Nadolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nadolol.
Epoprostenol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Epoprostenol.
Bepridil	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bepridil.
Hydralazine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydralazine.
Bevantolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bevantolol.
Practolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Practolol.
Polythiazide	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Polythiazide.
Cilazapril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cilazapril.
Saprisartan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Saprisartan.
Spirapril	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Spirapril.
Penbutolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Penbutolol.
Mibefradil	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Mibefradil.
Oxprenolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Oxprenolol.
Dexpropranolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dexpropranolol.
Tienilic acid	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tienilic acid.
Debrisoquine	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Debrisoquine.
Celiprolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Celiprolol.
Nebivolol	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nebivolol.
Sitaxentan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Sitaxentan.
Ambrisentan	Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ambrisentan.

Target Protein

Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter SLC6A3

Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2

Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Arie Gutman, "Process for the preparation of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride." U.S. Patent US20040180928, issued September 16, 2004.

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 15082749
Sun Z, Murry DJ, Sanghani SP, Davis WI, Kedishvili NY, Zou Q, Hurley TD, Bosron WF: Methylphenidate is stereoselectively hydrolyzed by human carboxylesterase CES1A1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Aug;310(2):469-76. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.067116. Epub 2004 Apr 13.
PMID: 19412495
Liu F, Minami H, Silva RR: Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006 Dec;2(4):467-73.
PMID: 11028253
Modi NB, Wang B, Noveck RJ, Gupta SK: Dose-proportional and stereospecific pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate delivered using an osmotic, controlled-release oral delivery system. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;40(10):1141-9.
PMID: 10628897
Kimko HC, Cross JT, Abernethy DR: Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999 Dec;37(6):457-70. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002.
PMID: 30847388
Tremblay S, Pieper F, Sachs A, Joober R, Martinez-Trujillo J: The Effects of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the Neurophysiology of the Monkey Caudal Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro. 2019 Mar 4;6(1). pii: eN-NWR-0371-18. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0371-18.2018. eCollection 2019 Jan-Feb.

Attachment

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 209 • International brands: 1

Produk

Attenade

Tablet • 2.5 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
Attenade

Tablet • 5 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
Attenade

Tablet • 10 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
Azstarys

Capsule • - • Oral • US • Approved
Azstarys

Capsule • - • Oral • US • Approved
Azstarys

Capsule • - • Oral • US • Approved
Dexmethylphenidate HCl

Capsule • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • Approved
Dexmethylphenidate HCl

Capsule • 10 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • Approved

Menampilkan 8 dari 209 produk.

International Brands

Attenade — Celgene

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.