Peringatan Keamanan

Symptoms of an overdose with betahistine (< 640 mg) include dry mouth, nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and somnolence. Serious complications such as convulsions, pulmonary or cardiac effects may occur with higher doses (> 640 mg), especially during intentional overdoses and combination with other drugs. In the case of an overdose with betahistine, provide supportive therapy, and contact the local poison control center for further management.^L16388

Betahistine

DB06698

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

Ménière's disease is a progressive disease of the inner ear characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss. It has a significant impact on both the physical and social functioning of affected individuals.A220318,L16408

Betahistine is a histamine-like antivertigo drug used for treating symptoms associated with Ménière's disease. It is thought to reduce symptoms through its actions on histamine receptors.A220333,L16403 Betahistine was first approved by the FDA in the 1970s but withdrawn within approximately 5 years due to a lack of evidence supporting its efficacy. It is currently marketed in Canada by various companies, including Teva Pharmaceuticals.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 136.1943

Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The half-life of betahistine is 3-4 hours.[A220438,A220563,L16388]

Volume Distribusi In a pharmacokinetic study of rats, betahistine was found to be distributed throughout the body.[L16443] Human data for betahistine's volume of distribution is not readily available.[A220438,A220563,L16388,L16443]

Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

When given orally, betahistine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.A220438,L16388 In the fasted state, Cmax is achieved within 1 hour of administration; in the fed state, Cmax is delayed, but the total drug absorption is similar. Food, therefore, has little effect on the absorption of betahistine.A220563,16388

Metabolisme

Betahistine is metabolized primarily into the inactive metabolite 2-pyridylacetic acid. There is both clinical and in vitro evidence that monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of betahistine.A220443,A36211,A36212,L16388

Rute Eliminasi

Betahistine is mainly excreted in the urine; with approximately 85-91% being detected in urine samples within 24 hours of administration.A220438,A220563,L16388

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data

1. Take with food. This may reduce or prevent gastrointestinal upset.

Interaksi Obat

203 Data

Benzylpenicilloyl polylysine	Betahistine may decrease effectiveness of Benzylpenicilloyl polylysine as a diagnostic agent.
Benzatropine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Benzatropine.
Ziprasidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Ziprasidone.
Clemastine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Clemastine.
Amitriptyline	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Amitriptyline.
Olanzapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Olanzapine.
Cetirizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Cetirizine.
Terfenadine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Terfenadine.
Buclizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Buclizine.
Clozapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Clozapine.
Doxylamine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Doxylamine.
Mirtazapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Mirtazapine.
Dexbrompheniramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Dexbrompheniramine.
Promazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Promazine.
Triprolidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Triprolidine.
Cyproheptadine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Cyproheptadine.
Loratadine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Loratadine.
Imipramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Imipramine.
Chlorpromazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorpromazine.
Cimetidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Cimetidine.
Nortriptyline	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Nortriptyline.
Amoxapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Amoxapine.
Hydroxyzine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Hydroxyzine.
Cinnarizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Cinnarizine.
Nizatidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Nizatidine.
Astemizole	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Astemizole.
Trazodone	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Trazodone.
Azatadine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Azatadine.
Trimipramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Trimipramine.
Risperidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Risperidone.
Meclizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Meclizine.
Carbinoxamine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Carbinoxamine.
Benzquinamide	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Benzquinamide.
Propiomazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Propiomazine.
Tripelennamine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Tripelennamine.
Brompheniramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Brompheniramine.
Ranitidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Ranitidine.
Methdilazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Methdilazine.
Ketotifen	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Ketotifen.
Famotidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Famotidine.
Maprotiline	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Maprotiline.
Methantheline	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Methantheline.
Fexofenadine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Fexofenadine.
Desloratadine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Desloratadine.
Azelastine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Azelastine.
Dimenhydrinate	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Dimenhydrinate.
Promethazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Promethazine.
Mequitazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Mequitazine.
Diphenhydramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Diphenhydramine.
Levocabastine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Levocabastine.
Chlorpheniramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorpheniramine.
Doxepin	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Doxepin.
Diphenylpyraline	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Diphenylpyraline.
Desipramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Desipramine.
Orphenadrine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Orphenadrine.
Cyclizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Cyclizine.
Quetiapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Quetiapine.
Aripiprazole	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Aripiprazole.
Chlorprothixene	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorprothixene.
Alimemazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Alimemazine.
Methotrimeprazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Methotrimeprazine.
Aceprometazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Aceprometazine.
Phenindamine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Phenindamine.
Pheniramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Pheniramine.
Zuclopenthixol	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Zuclopenthixol.
Methapyrilene	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Methapyrilene.
Clofedanol	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Clofedanol.
Flunarizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Flunarizine.
Iloperidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Iloperidone.
Mianserin	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Mianserin.
Pizotifen	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Pizotifen.
Asenapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Asenapine.
Levocetirizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Levocetirizine.
Esmirtazapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Esmirtazapine.
Mepyramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Mepyramine.
Antazoline	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Antazoline.
Chloropyramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Chloropyramine.
Dimetindene	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Dimetindene.
Isothipendyl	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Isothipendyl.
Metiamide	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Metiamide.
Roxatidine acetate	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Roxatidine acetate.
Chlorcyclizine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorcyclizine.
Dimetotiazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Dimetotiazine.
Butriptyline	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Butriptyline.
Dosulepin	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Dosulepin.
Acrivastine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Acrivastine.
Dexchlorpheniramine maleate	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Dexchlorpheniramine maleate.
Thonzylamine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Thonzylamine.
Bilastine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Bilastine.
Rupatadine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Rupatadine.
Pitolisant	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Pitolisant.
Ebastine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Ebastine.
Mizolastine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Mizolastine.
Lafutidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Lafutidine.
GSK-1004723	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with GSK-1004723.
Oxatomide	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Oxatomide.
Lavoltidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Lavoltidine.
Deptropine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Deptropine.
Dexchlorpheniramine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Dexchlorpheniramine.
Tritoqualine	The therapeutic efficacy of Betahistine can be decreased when used in combination with Tritoqualine.

Target Protein

Histamine H1 receptor HRH1

Histamine H3 receptor HRH3

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Jean S. Cherqui, Alain C. Djiane, "New galenical form of administration of betahistine and its derivatives and the preparation thereof." U.S. Patent US4264574, issued February, 1979.

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 27327415
Murdin L, Hussain K, Schilder AG: Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 21;(6):CD010696. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010696.pub2.
PMID: 24669323
Orji F: The Influence of Psychological Factors in Meniere's Disease. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014 Jan;4(1):3-7. doi: 10.4103/2141-9248.126601.
PMID: 18236637
Della Pepa C, Guidetti G, Eandi M: Betahistine in the treatment of vertiginous syndromes: a meta-analysis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2006 Aug;26(4):208-15.
PMID: 28358888
Parfenov VA, Golyk VA, Matsnev EI, Morozova SV, Melnikov OA, Antonenko LM, Sigaleva EE, Situkho MI, Asaulenko OI, Popovych VI, Zamergrad MV: Effectiveness of betahistine (48 mg/day) in patients with vestibular vertigo during routine practice: The VIRTUOSO study. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 30;12(3):e0174114. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174114. eCollection 2017.
PMID: 19300572
Lacour M, van de Heyning PH, Novotny M, Tighilet B: Betahistine in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007 Aug;3(4):429-40.
PMID: -
Duaa J. Al-Tamimi, Afaq M. Ammoo , Mays E. Alani, Jaafar J. Ibraheem, Duaa J. Al-Tamimi , Afaq M. Ammoo , Mays E. Alani and Jaafar J. Ibraheem: Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of betahistine in healthy individuals Scientia Pharmaceutica.
PMID: 29532287
Strupp M, Kraus L, Schautzer F, Rujescu D: Meniere's disease: combined pharmacotherapy with betahistine and the MAO-B inhibitor selegiline-an observational study. J Neurol. 2018 Mar 12. pii: 10.1007/s00415-018-8809-8. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8809-8.
PMID: 4150992
Sternson LA, Tobia AJ, Walsh GM, Sternson AW: The metabolism of betahistine in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 1974 Mar-Apr;2(2):123-8.

Menampilkan 8 dari 10 artikel.

Link

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 33 • International brands: 0

Produk

Act Betahistine

Tablet • 16 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
Act Betahistine

Tablet • 24 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
Apo-betahistine

Tablet • 8 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
Apo-betahistine

Tablet • 16 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
Apo-betahistine

Tablet • 24 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
Auro-betahistine

Tablet • 8 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
Auro-betahistine

Tablet • 16 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
Auro-betahistine

Tablet • 24 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved

Menampilkan 8 dari 33 produk.

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.