Peringatan Keamanan

The oral Lowest published toxic dose (TDLo) is 12.86 mg/kg in man MSDS. Oral LD50 ranges from 410 to 1500 mg/kg in rat MSDS, L2292. Oral LD50 in mouse and rabbit is 880 mg/kg and 700 mg/kg, respectively L2292. The LD50 following intravenous administration in rat was 17 mg/kg L2292.

In adults, the symptoms of overdosage include sedation, drowsiness (preceding excitement, convulsions, and postictal depression), dizziness, hypotension, dryness of the mouth, confusion, tachycardia, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, cyanosis, convulsions, coma, respiratory paralysis and CNS depression L2292. Antihistamine toxicity of pizotifen in children may involve excitation, hallucinations, ataxia, incoordination, convulsions, fixed dilated pupils, flushed faces, and fever, leading to coma and cardiorespiratory collapse L2292. The use of activated charcoal is recommended in the management of overdose. For drug recent uptake, induction of emesis or gastric lavage and diuresis should be performed L2292. Supportive measures should be initiated to maintain effective respiration while closely monitoring vital signs. While severe hypotension must be corrected, the use of adrenaline may produce paradoxical effects L2292.

As pizotifen has the potential to cause tachycardia, an ECG should be performed and attention directed at the QRS and QT intervals L2292. Excitatory states or convulsions induced by pizotifen may be treated with short-acting barbiturates or benzodiazepines. However analeptics should be avoided L2292.

Pizotifen

DB06153

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Pizotifen belongs to the class of antamines and is related to cyproheptadine.A32532 It is a potent serotonin and tryptamine antagonist that has been used for migraine prevention for many years. It exhibits weak anticholinergic, antihistamine, and antikinin actions in addition to sedative and appetite-stimulating properties L2292. Some patients receiving pizotifen treatment developed tolerance with the prolonged use of the drug L2292. Numerous studies have revealed the potential antidepressant effects of pizotifen, which are independent of its antimigraine action A32538. While it is suggested that pizotifen may act similarly to the classic tricyclic antidepressants A32538, its full mechanism of antidepressant action is not fully elucidated. Pizotifen hydrochloride is an active ingredient in Sandomigran, which is used for the prophylactic management of migraines. Sandomigran is available in a number of countries but is not approved by the FDA nor EMA.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 295.44
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: ObatTargetGenEnzim(Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi)TransporterCarrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The elimination half-life for pizotifen and N-glucuronide conjugate is about 23 hours [L2292].
Volume Distribusi The volume of distribution in an adult male is 833L for pizotifen and 70L for the N-glucuronide conjugate [L2292].
Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

The absorption half-life of pizotifen following oral administration is 0.5 to 0.8 hours in an adult male with nearly complete absorption rate of 80%. Maximum blood levels are reached 5 hours post-administration and the absolute bioavailability is 78% L2292.

Metabolisme

Pizotifen is extensively metabolized in the liver, where it primarily undergoes N-glucuronidation to form the main metabolite, N-glucuronide conjugate L2292. N-glucuronide conjugate accounts for at least 50% of the plasma and 60-70% of the urinary-excreted radioactivity L2292.

Rute Eliminasi

About one third of the total orally administered dose is excreted into the feces. Less than 1% of the total dose is excreted in the urine as the unchanged parent drug, and up to 55% of the dose is excreted as its metabolites L2292.

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data
  • 1. Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Interaksi Obat

1332 Data
Valsartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Valsartan.
Remikiren Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Remikiren.
Torasemide Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Torasemide.
Guanadrel Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanadrel.
Olmesartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Olmesartan.
Nitroprusside Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroprusside.
Minoxidil Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Minoxidil.
Treprostinil Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Treprostinil.
Fosinopril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinopril.
Trandolapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trandolapril.
Benazepril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazepril.
Bosentan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan.
Enalapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalapril.
Cyclothiazide Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cyclothiazide.
Candoxatril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candoxatril.
Mecamylamine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Mecamylamine.
Losartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Losartan.
Moexipril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Moexipril.
Eplerenone Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eplerenone.
Lisinopril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lisinopril.
Nitroglycerin Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroglycerin.
Cryptenamine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cryptenamine.
Candesartan cilexetil Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan cilexetil.
Fenoldopam Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fenoldopam.
Eprosartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eprosartan.
Quinapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinapril.
Telmisartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Telmisartan.
Irbesartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Irbesartan.
Deserpidine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Deserpidine.
Pentolinium Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pentolinium.
Trimethaphan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trimethaphan.
Diazoxide Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diazoxide.
Bretylium Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bretylium.
Guanethidine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanethidine.
Captopril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Captopril.
Epoprostenol Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Epoprostenol.
Hydralazine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydralazine.
Cilazapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cilazapril.
Saprisartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Saprisartan.
Spirapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Spirapril.
Tienilic acid Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tienilic acid.
Debrisoquine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Debrisoquine.
Sitaxentan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Sitaxentan.
Ambrisentan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ambrisentan.
Diethylnorspermine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diethylnorspermine.
Pinacidil Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pinacidil.
Temocapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Temocapril.
Riociguat Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Riociguat.
Macitentan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Macitentan.
Aliskiren Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Aliskiren.
Nicorandil Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nicorandil.
Rauwolfia serpentina root Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rauwolfia serpentina root.
Enalaprilat Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalaprilat.
Selexipag Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Selexipag.
Angiotensin 1-7 Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Angiotensin 1-7.
Imidapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Imidapril.
BQ-123 Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of BQ-123.
Cicletanine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cicletanine.
Dihydralazine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dihydralazine.
Zofenopril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Zofenopril.
Guanoxan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxan.
Delapril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Delapril.
Vincamine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Vincamine.
Linsidomine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Linsidomine.
Guanoxabenz Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxabenz.
Tolonidine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tolonidine.
Endralazine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Endralazine.
Cadralazine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cadralazine.
Bietaserpine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bietaserpine.
Guanazodine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanazodine.
Methoserpidine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methoserpidine.
Guanoclor Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoclor.
Muzolimine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Muzolimine.
Xipamide Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Xipamide.
Candesartan Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan.
Tocopherylquinone Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tocopherylquinone.
Benazeprilat Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazeprilat.
Fosinoprilat Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinoprilat.
Ramiprilat Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramiprilat.
Perindoprilat Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindoprilat.
Quinaprilat Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinaprilat.
Furosemide Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Ramipril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramipril.
Perindopril Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindopril.
Levamlodipine Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Levamlodipine.
Buthiazide Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Buthiazide.
Azilsartan medoxomil Pizotifen may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Azilsartan medoxomil.
Buprenorphine Pizotifen may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Buprenorphine.
Doxylamine Doxylamine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Pizotifen.
Dronabinol Dronabinol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Pizotifen.
Droperidol Droperidol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Pizotifen.
Hydrocodone Pizotifen may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Hydrocodone.
Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Pizotifen.
Magnesium sulfate The therapeutic efficacy of Pizotifen can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium sulfate.
Methotrimeprazine Pizotifen may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Methotrimeprazine.
Metyrosine Pizotifen may increase the sedative activities of Metyrosine.
Minocycline Minocycline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Pizotifen.
Nabilone Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Pizotifen.
Orphenadrine Pizotifen may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Orphenadrine.
Paraldehyde Pizotifen may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Paraldehyde.

Target Protein

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A HTR2A
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B HTR2B
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C HTR2C
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A HTR1A
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B HTR1B
Histamine H1 receptor HRH1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 335788
    Standal JE: Pizotifen as an antidepressant. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Oct;56(4):276-9.
  • PMID: 340139
    Peet KM: Use of pizotifen in severe migraine: a long-term study. Curr Med Res Opin. 1977;5(2):192-9. doi: 10.1185/03007997709110164 .
  • PMID: 1095308
    Carroll JD, Maclay WP: Pizotifen (BC 105) in migraine prophylaxis. Curr Med Res Opin. 1975;3(2):68-71. doi: 10.1185/03007997509113649 .
  • PMID: 2427822
    Muller-Schweinitzer E: Pizotifen, an antimigraine drug with venoconstrictor activity in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1986 Jul-Aug;8(4):805-10.
  • PMID: 111296
    Przegalinski E, Baran L, Palider W, Siwanowicz J: The central action of pizotifen. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Apr 25;62(3):295-300.
  • PMID: 23393546
    Sarantos MR, Papanikolaou T, Ellerby LM, Hughes RE: Pizotifen Activates ERK and Provides Neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo in Models of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis. 2012;1(2):195-210. doi: 10.3233/JHD-120033.
  • PMID: 24466319
    Lin OA, Karim ZA, Vemana HP, Espinosa EV, Khasawneh FT: The antidepressant 5-HT2A receptor antagonists pizotifen and cyproheptadine inhibit serotonin-enhanced platelet function. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 23;9(1):e87026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087026. eCollection 2014.
  • PMID: 2582093
    Peroutka SJ, Banghart SB, Allen GS: Calcium channel antagonism by pizotifen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;48(4):381-3.
Menampilkan 8 dari 9 artikel.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 2 • International brands: 0
Produk
  • Sandomigran
    Tablet • 0.50 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Sandomigran DS
    Tablet • 1 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

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