Peringatan Keamanan

According to the Toxnet database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the oral LD50 for zinc is close to 3 g/kg body weight, more than 10-fold higher than cadmium and 50-fold higher than mercury L1887.

The LD50 values of several zinc compounds (ranging from 186 to 623 mg zinc/kg/day) have been measured in rats and mice L2099.

Zinc

DB01593

small molecule approved investigational

Deskripsi

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is identified by the symbol Zn L2098.

A newer study suggests implies that an imbalance of zinc is associated with the neuronal damage associated with traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizures A32465.

Understanding the mechanisms that control brain zinc homeostasis is, therefore, imperative to the development of preventive and treatment regimens for these and other neurological disorders A32465.

In addition to the above, recent review articles have already demonstrated the important role of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of affective disorders, plus discussed the potential value of zinc as a marker of these diseases L2097. Most recently, research has shown that polymorphism of the common polymorphism in zinc transporter SLC30A8/ZnT8 may increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes provided novel insights into the role of zinc in diabetes A32416.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 65.409
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The half-life of zinc in humans is approximately 280 days [L2091].
Volume Distribusi A pharmacokinetic study was done in rats to determine the distribution and other metabolic indexes of zinc in two particle sizes. It was found that zinc particles were mainly distributed to organs including the liver, lung, and kidney within 72 hours without any significant difference being found according to particle size or rat gender [A32466].
Klirens (Clearance) In one study of healthy patients, the clearance of zinc was found to be 0.63 ± 0.39 ?g/min [L2101].

Absorpsi

Zinc is absorbed in the small intestine by a carrier-mediated mechanism L2092. Under regular physiologic conditions, transport processes of uptake do not saturate. The exact amount of zinc absorbed is difficult to determine because zinc is secreted into the gut. Zinc administered in aqueous solutions to fasting subjects is absorbed quite efficiently (at a rate of 60-70%), however, absorption from solid diets is less efficient and varies greatly, dependent on zinc content and diet composition L2092. Generally, 33% is considered to be the average zinc absorption in humans L2092. More recent studies have determined different absorption rates for various populations based on their type of diet and phytate to zinc molar ratio. Zinc absorption is concentration dependent and increases linearly with dietary zinc up to a maximum rate L2092. Additionally zinc status may influence zinc absorption. Zinc-deprived humans absorb this element with increased efficiency, whereas humans on a high-zinc diet show a reduced efficiency of absorption L2092.

Metabolisme

Zinc is released from food as free ions during its digestion. These freed ions may then combine with endogenously secreted ligands before their transport into the enterocytes in the duodenum and jejunum. L2092. Selected transport proteins may facilitate the passage of zinc across the cell membrane into the hepatic circulation. With high intake, zinc may also be absorbed through a passive paracellular route L2092. The portal system carries absorbed zinc directly into the hepatic circulation, and then it is released into systemic circulation for delivery to various tissues. Although, serum zinc represents only 0.1% of the whole body zinc, the circulating zinc turns over rapidly to meet tissue needs L2092.

Rute Eliminasi

The excretion of zinc through gastrointestinal tract accounts for approximately one-half of all zinc eliminated from the body L2092. Considerable amounts of zinc are secreted through both biliary and intestinal secretions, however most is reabsorbed. This is an important process in the regulation of zinc balance. Other routes of zinc excretion include both urine and surface losses (sloughed skin, hair, sweat) L2092. Zinc has been shown to induce intestinal metallothionein, which combines zinc and copper in the intestine and prevents their serosal surface transfer. Intestinal cells are sloughed with approximately a 6-day turnover, and the metallothionein-bound copper and zinc are lost in the stool and are thus not absorbed L2103. Measurements in humans of endogenous intestinal zinc have primarily been made as fecal excretion; this suggests that the amounts excreted are responsive to zinc intake, absorbed zinc and physiologic need L2092. In one study, elimination kinetics in rats showed that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles was excreted via the urine, however, most of the nanoparticles were excreted via the feces L2100.

Interaksi Makanan

3 Data
  • 1. Avoid milk and dairy products. Separate the use of zinc from these products by at least 2 hours before administration. Separate for 2 hours after administration if these products also contain phosphorus.
  • 2. Do not take with bran and high fiber foods. For optimal absorption, take zinc at least 2 hours before or after eating high-fiber foods.
  • 3. Take on an empty stomach. Take at least 1 hour before and 2 hours after eating for optimal absorption. Zinc can be taken with food to reduce gastrointestinal upset.

Interaksi Obat

61 Data
Eltrombopag Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Eltrombopag resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Raltegravir Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Raltegravir resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ceftibuten Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ceftibuten resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Cephalexin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cephalexin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Deferiprone Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Deferiprone resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Dolutegravir Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Dolutegravir resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Deferasirox Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Deferasirox resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Halofantrine Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Halofantrine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Triethylenetetramine The serum concentration of Triethylenetetramine can be decreased when it is combined with Zinc.
Moxifloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Moxifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Grepafloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Grepafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enoxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pefloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ciprofloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Trovafloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Trovafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nalidixic acid Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nalidixic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rosoxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rosoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Cinoxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Cinoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lomefloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lomefloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Gatifloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Gatifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Norfloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Norfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Levofloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Levofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Gemifloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Gemifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ofloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sparfloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sparfloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Temafloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Temafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Fleroxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Fleroxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Technetium Tc-99m ciprofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Garenoxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Garenoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Nemonoxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Nemonoxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Flumequine Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Flumequine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Enrofloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Enrofloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Orbifloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Orbifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarafloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sarafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Difloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Difloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pazufloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pazufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Prulifloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Prulifloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Delafloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Delafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sitafloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sitafloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxolinic acid Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Oxolinic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rufloxacin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rufloxacin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Pipemidic acid Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Pipemidic acid resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Lymecycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Lymecycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Clomocycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Clomocycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Tigecycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Tigecycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Oxytetracycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Oxytetracycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Demeclocycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Demeclocycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Tetracycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Tetracycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Metacycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Metacycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Minocycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Minocycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Rolitetracycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Rolitetracycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Sarecycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Sarecycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Eravacycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Eravacycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Omadacycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Omadacycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Penimepicycline Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Penimepicycline resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Phenytoin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Phenytoin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Mephenytoin Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Mephenytoin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Carbamazepine Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Carbamazepine resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Methylphenobarbital Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Methylphenobarbital resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Phenobarbital Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Phenobarbital resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Roxadustat Zinc can cause a decrease in the absorption of Roxadustat resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

Target Protein

B1 bradykinin receptor BDKRB1
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase MGMT
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A ALDOA
Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 EEF1A1
Alpha-enolase ENO1
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific GAPDHS
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A NME1
Protein disulfide-isomerase P4HB
Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 PDIA3
Peroxiredoxin-1 PRDX1
Phosphoserine phosphatase PSPH
Triosephosphate isomerase TPI1
Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial TUFM
Estrogen receptor ESR1
Interleukin-3 IL3
Metallothionein-2 MT2A
Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase CCS
Histone deacetylase 1 HDAC1
Histone deacetylase 4 HDAC4
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase MPG
Semenogelin-1 SEMG1
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] SOD1
Histone deacetylase 8 HDAC8
Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva SIVA1
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 MDM2
Insulin INS
Utrophin UTRN
Aspartoacylase ASPA
Protein S100-A8 S100A8
Protein S100-A9 S100A9
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 MMP9
Tumor protein p73 TP73
Protein S100-A2 S100A2
Cellular tumor antigen p53 TP53
Metallothionein-3 MT3
Programmed cell death protein 6 PDCD6
DAN domain family member 5 DAND5
Metallothionein-1A MT1A
Alpha-1B-glycoprotein A1BG
Alpha-2-macroglobulin A2M
Angiotensinogen AGT
Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein AHSG
Serum amyloid P-component APCS
Apolipoprotein A-I APOA1
Apolipoprotein A-II APOA2
Apolipoprotein A-IV APOA4
Apolipoprotein B receptor APOBR
Apolipoprotein E APOE
Apolipoprotein L1 APOL1
Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B C1QB
Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C C1QC
Complement C1r subcomponent C1R
Complement C1s subcomponent C1S
Complement C3 C3
Complement C4-B C4B
C4b-binding protein alpha chain C4BPA
C4b-binding protein beta chain C4BPB
Complement C5 C5
Lys-63-specific deubiquitinase BRCC36 BRCC3
Complement component C8 alpha chain C8A
Complement component C8 beta chain C8B
Complement component C8 gamma chain C8G
Complement factor B CFB
Complement factor H CFH
Complement factor I CFI
Clusterin CLU
Ceruloplasmin CP
Carboxypeptidase N catalytic chain CPN1
Carboxypeptidase N subunit 2 CPN2
Dermcidin DCD
Desmoplakin DSP
Coagulation factor XII F12
Coagulation factor XIII B chain F13B
Prothrombin F2
Ficolin-3 FCN3
Fibrinogen alpha chain FGA
Fibronectin FN1
Gelsolin GSN
Hemoglobin subunit alpha HBA1
Hemoglobin subunit beta HBB
Haptoglobin-related protein HPR
Hornerin HRNR
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit IGFALS
Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 IGHA1
Immunoglobulin heavy constant mu IGHM
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-17 IGKV1-17
Immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-20 IGKV3-20
Immunoglobulin lambda variable 3-21 IGLV3-21
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 ITIH1
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 ITIH2
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 ITIH3
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 ITIH4
Immunoglobulin J chain JCHAIN
Junction plakoglobin JUP
Plasma kallikrein KLKB1
Kininogen-1 KNG1
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 KRT1
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10 KRT10
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 KRT14
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16 KRT16
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal KRT2
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 KRT5
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A KRT6A
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9 KRT9
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2 ORM2
N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase PGLYRP2
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 PON1
Pregnancy zone protein PZP
Protein S100-A7 S100A7
Selenoprotein P SELENOP
Alpha-1-antitrypsin SERPINA1
Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin SERPINA3
Kallistatin SERPINA4
Corticosteroid-binding globulin SERPINA6
Heparin cofactor 2 SERPIND1
Sex hormone-binding globulin SHBG
Serotransferrin TF
Transthyretin TTR
Vitronectin VTN
Amyloid beta precursor like protein 1 APLP1
Amyloid beta precursor like protein 2 APLP2
Amyloid-beta precursor protein APP
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 PARP1

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Robert Nicaise, "Production of zinc powder for electrochemical batteries." U.S. Patent US4104188, issued 1877.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 20856116
    Berni Canani R, Buccigrossi V, Passariello A: Mechanisms of action of zinc in acute diarrhea. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;27(1):8-12. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32833fd48a.
  • PMID: 29415457
    Fukunaka A, Fujitani Y: Role of Zinc Homeostasis in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Feb 6;19(2). pii: ijms19020476. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020476.
  • PMID: 18385818
    Prasad AS: Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med. 2008 May-Jun;14(5-6):353-7. doi: 10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad.
  • PMID: 12142956
    Dardenne M: Zinc and immune function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S20-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601479.
  • PMID: 17244314
    Lansdown AB, Mirastschijski U, Stubbs N, Scanlon E, Agren MS: Zinc in wound healing: theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects. Wound Repair Regen. 2007 Jan-Feb;15(1):2-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2006.00179.x.
  • PMID: 25659970
    Prakash A, Bharti K, Majeed AB: Zinc: indications in brain disorders. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Apr;29(2):131-49. doi: 10.1111/fcp.12110. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
  • PMID: 22811602
    Baek M, Chung HE, Yu J, Lee JA, Kim TH, Oh JM, Lee WJ, Paek SM, Lee JK, Jeong J, Choy JH, Choi SJ: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:3081-97. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S32593. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
  • PMID: 10801957
    McCall KA, Huang C, Fierke CA: Function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes. J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1437S-46S.
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