Peringatan Keamanan

Manifestations of acute overdosage with methamphetamine include restlessness, tremor, hyperreflexia, rapid respiration, confusion, assaultiveness, hallucinations, panic states, hyperpyrexia, and rhabdomyolysis. Fatigue and depression usually follow the central stimulation. Cardiovascular effects include arrhythmias, hypertension or hypotension, and circulatory collapse. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Fatal poisoning usually terminates in convulsions and coma.

Metamfetamine

DB01577

small molecule approved illicit withdrawn

Deskripsi

Metamfetamine (methamphetamine) is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug, and a member of the amphetamine group of sympathomimetic amines. Methamphetamine can induce effects such as euphoria, increased alertness and energy, and enhanced self-esteem. It is a scheduled drug in most countries due to its high potential for addiction and abuse.

The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of all parenteral drug products containing methamphetamine hydrochloride, a metamfetamine salt.L43942

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 149.2328
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The biological half-life has been reported in the range of 4 to 5 hours.
Volume Distribusi -
Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

Methamphetamine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak methamphetamine concentrations occurring in 3.13 to 6.3 hours post ingestion. Moreover, when administered intranasally or as an inhalation, methamphetamine also demonstrates a high degree of absorption. It is distributed to most parts of the body. Because methamphetamine has a high lipophilicity it is distributed across the blood brain barrier and crosses the placenta.

Metabolisme

Hepatic. The primary site of metabolism is in the liver by aromatic hydroxylation, N-dealkylation and deamination. At least seven metabolites have been identified in the urine, with the main metabolites being amphetamine (active) and 4-hydroxymethamphetamine. Other minor metabolites include 4-hydroxyamphetamine, norephedrine, and 4-hydroxynorephedrine.

Rute Eliminasi

Excretion occurs primarily in the urine, the rate of which is dependent on urine pH. Between 30-54% of an oral dose is excreted in urine as unchanged methamphetamine and 10-23% as unchanged amphetamine. Following an intravenous dose, 45% is excreted as unchanged parent drug and 7% amphetamine.

Farmakogenomik

1 Varian
PICK1 (rs713729)

The prescence of this polymorphism in PICK1 is associated with increased susceptibility to drug-related psychosis and addiction when using methamphetamine.

Interaksi Obat

1608 Data
Valsartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Valsartan.
Ramipril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramipril.
Remikiren Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Remikiren.
Olmesartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Olmesartan.
Minoxidil Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Minoxidil.
Treprostinil Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Treprostinil.
Amlodipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Nimodipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nimodipine.
Trandolapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trandolapril.
Benazepril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazepril.
Bosentan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan.
Enalapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalapril.
Candoxatril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candoxatril.
Losartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Losartan.
Moexipril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Moexipril.
Nitroglycerin Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroglycerin.
Cryptenamine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cryptenamine.
Candesartan cilexetil Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan cilexetil.
Eprosartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eprosartan.
Quinapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinapril.
Telmisartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Telmisartan.
Irbesartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Irbesartan.
Nitrendipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitrendipine.
Deserpidine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Deserpidine.
Pentolinium Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pentolinium.
Trimethaphan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trimethaphan.
Cilazapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cilazapril.
Saprisartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Saprisartan.
Spirapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Spirapril.
Sitaxentan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Sitaxentan.
Ambrisentan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ambrisentan.
Diethylnorspermine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diethylnorspermine.
Nilvadipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nilvadipine.
Pinacidil Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pinacidil.
Temocapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Temocapril.
Riociguat Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Riociguat.
Aliskiren Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Aliskiren.
Lacidipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lacidipine.
Rauwolfia serpentina root Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rauwolfia serpentina root.
Selexipag Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Selexipag.
Angiotensin 1-7 Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Angiotensin 1-7.
Imidapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Imidapril.
BQ-123 Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of BQ-123.
Dihydralazine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dihydralazine.
Zofenopril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Zofenopril.
Guanoxan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxan.
Delapril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Delapril.
Vincamine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Vincamine.
Linsidomine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Linsidomine.
Guanoxabenz Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxabenz.
Tolonidine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tolonidine.
Endralazine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Endralazine.
Cadralazine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cadralazine.
Bietaserpine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bietaserpine.
Guanazodine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanazodine.
Methoserpidine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methoserpidine.
Guanoclor Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoclor.
Candesartan Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan.
Dexniguldipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dexniguldipine.
Tocopherylquinone Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tocopherylquinone.
Benazeprilat Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazeprilat.
Fosinoprilat Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinoprilat.
Ramiprilat Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramiprilat.
Perindoprilat Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindoprilat.
Quinaprilat Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinaprilat.
Captopril Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Captopril.
Levamlodipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Levamlodipine.
Lercanidipine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lercanidipine.
Azilsartan medoxomil Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Azilsartan medoxomil.
Diazoxide Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diazoxide.
Buprenorphine Metamfetamine may increase the analgesic activities of Buprenorphine.
Doxylamine Metamfetamine may decrease the sedative activities of Doxylamine.
Dronabinol The metabolism of Metamfetamine can be decreased when combined with Dronabinol.
Droperidol The therapeutic efficacy of Droperidol can be decreased when used in combination with Metamfetamine.
Hydrocodone The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Hydrocodone is combined with Metamfetamine.
Hydroxyzine Metamfetamine may decrease the sedative activities of Hydroxyzine.
Methotrimeprazine Metamfetamine may decrease the sedative activities of Methotrimeprazine.
Metyrosine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Metyrosine.
Nabilone The risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Nabilone is combined with Metamfetamine.
Orphenadrine Metamfetamine may decrease the sedative activities of Orphenadrine.
Pramipexole Pramipexole may decrease the excretion rate of Metamfetamine which could result in a higher serum level.
Rotigotine The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Metamfetamine is combined with Rotigotine.
Tapentadol The risk or severity of serotonin syndrome can be increased when Metamfetamine is combined with Tapentadol.
Zolpidem The metabolism of Metamfetamine can be decreased when combined with Zolpidem.
Atomoxetine The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Atomoxetine is combined with Metamfetamine.
Ethosuximide Metamfetamine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ethosuximide resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Ioflupane I-123 Metamfetamine may decrease effectiveness of Ioflupane I-123 as a diagnostic agent.
Linezolid The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Linezolid is combined with Metamfetamine.
Primidone The serum concentration of Primidone can be decreased when it is combined with Metamfetamine.
Methylphenobarbital The serum concentration of Methylphenobarbital can be decreased when it is combined with Metamfetamine.
Phenobarbital The serum concentration of Phenobarbital can be decreased when it is combined with Metamfetamine.
Phenytoin The therapeutic efficacy of Phenytoin can be decreased when used in combination with Metamfetamine.
Fosphenytoin The therapeutic efficacy of Fosphenytoin can be decreased when used in combination with Metamfetamine.
Bethanidine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bethanidine.
Isoetharine The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Isoetharine is combined with Metamfetamine.
Doxapram The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Doxapram is combined with Metamfetamine.
Guanabenz Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanabenz.
Omapatrilat Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Omapatrilat.
Bitolterol The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Bitolterol is combined with Metamfetamine.
Salmeterol The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Salmeterol is combined with Metamfetamine.

Target Protein

D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter SLC6A3
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter SLC18A2
Chromaffin granule amine transporter SLC18A1
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor ADRA2B
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor ADRA2C
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A MAOA
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B MAOB

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Nobuyuki Shigetoh, Hiroshi Nakayama, Jinsei Miyazaki, Tadayasu Mitsumata, "Labelling colors for detecting cocaine or methamphetamine, method of preparing the same and detector for cocaine or methamphetamine." U.S. Patent US5571727, issued October, 1981.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 12507968
    Schepers RJ, Oyler JM, Joseph RE Jr, Cone EJ, Moolchan ET, Huestis MA: Methamphetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid and plasma after controlled oral methamphetamine administration to human volunteers. Clin Chem. 2003 Jan;49(1):121-32.
  • PMID: 16128721
    McGregor C, Srisurapanont M, Jittiwutikarn J, Laobhripatr S, Wongtan T, White JM: The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction. 2005 Sep;100(9):1320-9.
  • PMID: 9519266
    Bennett BA, Hollingsworth CK, Martin RS, Harp JJ: Methamphetamine-induced alterations in dopamine transporter function. Brain Res. 1998 Jan 26;782(1-2):219-27.
  • PMID: 15460293
    Hasan AA, Ciancio S: Relationship between amphetamine ingestion and gingival enlargement. Pediatr Dent. 2004 Sep-Oct;26(5):396-400.
  • PMID: 12271905
    Shaner JW: Caries associated with methamphetamine abuse. J Mich Dent Assoc. 2002 Sep;84(9):42-7.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 8 • International brands: 0
Produk
  • Desoxyn
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Approved
  • Desoxyn
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Approved
  • Desoxyn
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Approved
  • Desoxyn
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Approved
  • Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • Approved
  • Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • Approved
  • Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • Approved
  • Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
    Tablet • 5 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • Approved

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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