Peringatan Keamanan

High doses of GHB may lead to nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, agitation, visual disturbances, depressed breathing, amnesia, unconsciousness, and death in some cases.

gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid

DB01440

small molecule approved illicit investigational

Deskripsi

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries. It is currently regulated in the US and sold by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under the name Xyrem. However, it is important to note that GHB is a designated Orphan drug (in 1985). Today Xyrem is a Schedule III drug; however GHB remains a Schedule I drug and the illicit use of Xyrem falls under penalties of Schedule I. GHB is a naturally occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits and almost all other living creatures in small amounts. It is used illegally under the street names Juice, Liquid Ecstasy or simply G, either as an intoxicant, or as a date rape drug. Xyrem is a central nervous system depressant that reduces excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 104.1045
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: ObatTargetGenEnzim(Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi)TransporterCarrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) 30 to 60 minutes
Volume Distribusi * 190 to 384 mL/kg
Klirens (Clearance) * apparent oral cl=9.1 mL/min/kg [healthy adults receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg] * 4.5 mL/min/kg [cirrhotic patients without ascites receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg] * 4.1 mL/min/kg [cirrhotic patients with ascites receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg]

Absorpsi

Data absorpsi tidak tersedia.

Metabolisme

Data metabolisme tidak tersedia.

Rute Eliminasi

Animal studies indicate that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for sodium oxybate, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and secondarily by beta-oxidation. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. Fecal and renal excretion is negligible. 5% renal elimination.

Interaksi Obat

666 Data
Buprenorphine gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Buprenorphine.
Doxylamine Doxylamine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Dronabinol Dronabinol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Droperidol Droperidol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Hydrocodone gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Hydrocodone.
Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Magnesium sulfate The therapeutic efficacy of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium sulfate.
Methotrimeprazine gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Methotrimeprazine.
Metyrosine gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the sedative activities of Metyrosine.
Minocycline Minocycline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Mirtazapine gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Mirtazapine.
Nabilone Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Orphenadrine gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Orphenadrine.
Paraldehyde gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Paraldehyde.
Perampanel Perampanel may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Pramipexole gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the sedative activities of Pramipexole.
Ropinirole gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the sedative activities of Ropinirole.
Rotigotine gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the sedative activities of Rotigotine.
Rufinamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rufinamide is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Suvorexant gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Suvorexant.
Tapentadol Tapentadol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Thalidomide gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Thalidomide.
Zolpidem gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zolpidem.
Methadone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methadone is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Ethanol gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Ethanol.
Azelastine gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Azelastine.
Brimonidine Brimonidine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Fluvoxamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Fluvoxamine.
Citalopram The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Citalopram.
Duloxetine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Duloxetine.
Trazodone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Trazodone.
Paroxetine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Paroxetine.
Sertraline The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Sertraline.
Sibutramine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Sibutramine.
Nefazodone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Nefazodone.
Escitalopram The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Escitalopram.
Zimelidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Zimelidine.
Dapoxetine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Dapoxetine.
Milnacipran The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Milnacipran.
Desvenlafaxine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Desvenlafaxine.
Seproxetine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Seproxetine.
Indalpine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Indalpine.
Ritanserin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Ritanserin.
Alaproclate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Alaproclate.
Amitriptyline The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Cyproheptadine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Cyproheptadine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Imipramine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Imipramine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Nortriptyline The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Nortriptyline is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Amoxapine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Amoxapine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Propiomazine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Propiomazine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Maprotiline The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Maprotiline is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Doxepin The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Doxepin is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Desipramine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Desipramine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Pizotifen The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Pizotifen.
Dosulepin The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Dosulepin.
Zopiclone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Zopiclone.
Botulinum toxin type B The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Botulinum toxin type B is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Botulinum toxin type A The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Botulinum toxin type A is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Tryptophan The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Tryptophan is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Baclofen Baclofen may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Lorazepam The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Lorazepam is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Ethchlorvynol The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Ethchlorvynol is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Succinylcholine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Succinylcholine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Reserpine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Reserpine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Eletriptan The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Eletriptan is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Enflurane The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Enflurane is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Temazepam The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Temazepam is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Reboxetine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Reboxetine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Butabarbital The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Butabarbital is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Butalbital The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Butalbital is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Methysergide The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Methysergide is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Cabergoline The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Cabergoline is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Phenytoin The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Phenytoin is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Topiramate The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Topiramate is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Clemastine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Clemastine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Venlafaxine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Venlafaxine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Etomidate The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Etomidate is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Morphine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Morphine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Talbutal The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Talbutal is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Pentobarbital The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Pentobarbital is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Valproic acid The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Valproic acid is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Zolmitriptan The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Zolmitriptan is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Codeine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Codeine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Dihydroergotamine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Dihydroergotamine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Tolcapone The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Tolcapone is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Hydromorphone The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Hydromorphone is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Olanzapine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Olanzapine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Cetirizine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Cetirizine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Protriptyline The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Protriptyline is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Trimethadione The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Trimethadione is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Clobazam The risk or severity of sedation, somnolence, and CNS depression can be increased when Clobazam is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Chlorzoxazone The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Chlorzoxazone is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Clozapine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Clozapine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Meprobamate The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Meprobamate is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Thiethylperazine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Thiethylperazine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Palonosetron The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Palonosetron is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Sulpiride The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Sulpiride is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Alprazolam The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Alprazolam is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Dexbrompheniramine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Dexbrompheniramine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.
Loxapine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Loxapine is combined with gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid.

Target Protein

Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 GABBR1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 GABBR2
GABA(B) Receptor GABBR1
Solute carrier family 52, riboflavin transporter, member 2 SLC52A2

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Joseph Klosa, "Production of nonhygroscopic salts of 4-hydroxybutyric acid." U.S. Patent US4393236, issued March, 1963.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 6 • International brands: 0
Produk
  • Xywav
    Solution • - • Oral • US • Approved
  • Xywav
    Solution • - • Oral • US • Approved
  • Xywav
    Solution • - • Oral • US • Approved
  • Xywav
    Solution • - • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Xywav
    Solution • - • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Xywav
    Solution • - • Oral • Canada • Approved

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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