Levobunolol

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) 20 hours

Volume Distribusi -

Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

80%

Metabolisme

Hepatic

Rute Eliminasi

Data eliminasi belum tersedia.

Interaksi Obat

34 Data

Methimazole	The excretion of Levobunolol can be decreased when combined with Methimazole.
Escitalopram	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Escitalopram.
Dronedarone	The metabolism of Levobunolol can be decreased when combined with Dronedarone.
Lasmiditan	Lasmiditan may increase the bradycardic activities of Levobunolol.
Givosiran	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Givosiran.
Verapamil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Verapamil is combined with Levobunolol.
Ranolazine	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Ranolazine.
Haloperidol	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Haloperidol.
Fluoxetine	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Fluoxetine.
Octreotide	The serum concentration of the active metabolites of Octreotide can be increased when Octreotide is used in combination with Levobunolol.
Sildenafil	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Sildenafil is combined with Levobunolol.
Tadalafil	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Tadalafil is combined with Levobunolol.
Vardenafil	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Vardenafil is combined with Levobunolol.
Dipyridamole	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Dipyridamole is combined with Levobunolol.
Ibudilast	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Ibudilast is combined with Levobunolol.
Avanafil	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Avanafil is combined with Levobunolol.
Udenafil	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Udenafil is combined with Levobunolol.
Doxofylline	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Doxofylline is combined with Levobunolol.
Mirodenafil	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Mirodenafil is combined with Levobunolol.
Fostamatinib	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Fostamatinib is combined with Levobunolol.
Ponesimod	The risk or severity of bradycardia can be increased when Ponesimod is combined with Levobunolol.
Estetrol	The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Levobunolol is combined with Estetrol.
Fexinidazole	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Levobunolol is combined with Fexinidazole.
Viloxazine	The metabolism of Levobunolol can be decreased when combined with Viloxazine.
Imatinib	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Imatinib.
Sodium ferric gluconate complex	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Sodium ferric gluconate complex is combined with Levobunolol.
Clozapine	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Clozapine.
Clobazam	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Clobazam.
Vilanterol	The therapeutic efficacy of Vilanterol can be decreased when used in combination with Levobunolol.
Fedratinib	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Fedratinib.
Spironolactone	The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Levobunolol is combined with Spironolactone.
Desvenlafaxine	The serum concentration of Levobunolol can be increased when it is combined with Desvenlafaxine.
Etrasimod	The risk or severity of bradycardia can be increased when Etrasimod is combined with Levobunolol.
Lacosamide	The risk or severity of ventricular arrhythmias, bradycardia, and heart block can be increased when Levobunolol is combined with Lacosamide.

Target Protein

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 14576520
Ishibashi T, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S: Comparison of the effects of topical levobunolol and timolol solution on the human ocular surface. Cornea. 2003 Nov;22(8):709-15.
PMID: 10443129
Ogasawara H, Yoshida A, Fujio N, Konno S, Ishiko S: Effect of topical levobunolol on retinal, optic nerve head, and choroidal circulation in normal volunteers. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1999 Jul;103(7):544-50.
PMID: 9373479
Leung M, Grunwald JE: Short-term effects of topical levobunolol on the human retinal circulation. Eye (Lond). 1997;11 ( Pt 3):371-6.
PMID: 17459374
Dong Y, Ishikawa H, Wu Y, Yoshitomi T: Vasodilatory mechanism of levobunolol on vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1039-46. Epub 2007 Jan 27.
PMID: 2892662
Gonzalez JP, Clissold SP: Ocular levobunolol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987 Dec;34(6):648-61.
PMID: 2891463
Lesar TS: Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents. Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;6(6):451-63.
PMID: 3019819
Novack GD: Levobunolol for the long-term treatment of glaucoma. Gen Pharmacol. 1986;17(4):373-7.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 28 • International brands: 1

Produk

Apo-levobunolol Ophthalmic Solution USP 0.25%

Liquid • 0.25 % • Ophthalmic • Canada • Generic • Approved
Apo-levobunolol Ophthalmic Solution USP 0.5%

Liquid • 0.5 % • Ophthalmic • Canada • Generic • Approved
Betagan

Solution / drops • 5 mg/1mL • Ophthalmic • US • Approved
Betagan

Solution / drops • 5 mg/1mL • Ophthalmic • US • Approved
Betagan

Solution • 2.5 mg/1mL • Ophthalmic • US • Approved
Betagan

Solution / drops • 5 mg/1mL • Ophthalmic • US • Approved
Betagan 0.5% Ophthalmic Sol

Liquid • 0.5 % • Ophthalmic • Canada • Approved
Betagan Oph Soln 0.25%

Liquid • 0.25 % • Ophthalmic • Canada • Approved

Menampilkan 8 dari 28 produk.

International Brands

Akbeta

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.

Peringatan Keamanan

Deskripsi

Struktur Molekul 2D

Deskripsi metode visualisasi