Peringatan Keamanan

The oral LD50 in mice and rats is 2540 mg/kg and 2190 mg/kg, respectively.L11614

While no cases of overdose have been reported, symptoms are expected to be consistent with the adverse effect profile of clindamycin and may therefore include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. During clinical trials, one 3-year-old child was given a dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 5 days and showed only mild abdominal pain and diarrhea.L11629 Activated charcoal may be of value to remove unabsorbed drug, but hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are ineffective.L11629 General supportive measures are recommended in cases of clindamycin overdose.L11629

Clindamycin

DB01190

small molecule approved vet_approved

Deskripsi

Clindamycin is a semi-synthetic lincosamide antibiotic used in the treatment of a variety of serious infections due to susceptible microorganismsL11599,L11596 as well as topically for acne vulgaris.L11593 It has a relatively narrow spectrum of activity that includes anaerobic bacteria as well as gram-positive cocci and bacilli and gram-negative bacilli.A190621 Interestingly, clindamycin appears to carry some activity against protozoans, and has been used off-label in the treatment of toxoplasmosis, malaria, and babesiosis.A190657

Clindamycin is derived from, and has largely replaced, lincomycin, a naturally occurring lincosamide and the eponymous member of this antibiotic class, due to its improved properties over the parent compound. The name lincomycin is derived from Lincoln, Nebraska, where it was first isolated from Streptomyces lincolnensis found in a soil sample.A190621

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 424.98
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The elimination half-life of clindamycin is about 3 hours in adults and 2.5 hours in children.[L11602,L11599] Half-life is increased to approximately 4 hours in the elderly.[L11602,L11599]
Volume Distribusi Clindamycin is widely distributed in the body, including into bone, but does not distribute into cerebrospinal fluid. The volume of distribution has been variably estimated between 43-74 L.[A190591,A190540]
Klirens (Clearance) The plasma clearance of clindamycin is estimated to be 12.3-17.4 L/h, and is reduced in patients with cirrhosis and altered in those with anemia.[A190540,A190591]

Absorpsi

Oral bioavailability is nearly complete, at approximately 90%, and peak serum concentrations (Cmax) of, on average, 2.50 µg/mL are reached at 0.75 hours (Tmax).L11602 The AUC following an orally administered dose of 300mg was found to be approximately 11 µg•hr/mL.L11629 Systemic exposure from the administration of vaginal suppository formulations is 40-fold to 50-fold lower than that observed following parenteral administrationL11608 and the Cmax observed following administration of vaginal cream formulations was 0.1% of that observed following parenteral administration.L11596

Metabolisme

Clindamycin undergoes hepatic metabolism mediated primarily by CYP3A4 and, to a lesser extent, CYP3A5.L11602 Two inactive metabolites have been identified - an oxidative metabolite, clindamycin sulfoxide, and an N-demethylated metabolite, N-desmethylclindamycin.L11602

Rute Eliminasi

Approximately 10% of clindamycin bioactivity is excreted in the urine and 3.6% in the feces, with the remainder excreted as inactive metabolites.L11602

Interaksi Makanan

2 Data
  • 1. Take with a full glass of water. Clindamycin may cause esophageal irritation if the dosage form becomes lodged.
  • 2. Take with or without food. Food does not appreciably alter the absorption of clindamycin.

Interaksi Obat

763 Data
Alfentanil The serum concentration of Alfentanil can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Alprazolam The serum concentration of Alprazolam can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Buspirone The metabolism of Buspirone can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Carbamazepine The metabolism of Carbamazepine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Cisapride The serum concentration of Cisapride can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Disopyramide Clindamycin may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Disopyramide.
Estazolam The serum concentration of Estazolam can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Midazolam The serum concentration of Midazolam can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Repaglinide The serum concentration of Repaglinide can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Sirolimus The metabolism of Sirolimus can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Temsirolimus The metabolism of Temsirolimus can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Triazolam The serum concentration of Triazolam can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Kaolin Kaolin can cause a decrease in the absorption of Clindamycin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Telaprevir The serum concentration of Telaprevir can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Picosulfuric acid The therapeutic efficacy of Picosulfuric acid can be decreased when used in combination with Clindamycin.
Vinorelbine The serum concentration of Vinorelbine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Vindesine The serum concentration of Vindesine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Vintafolide The serum concentration of Vintafolide can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Vinflunine The serum concentration of Vinflunine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Vincamine The serum concentration of Vincamine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Acetyldigitoxin The serum concentration of Acetyldigitoxin can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Deslanoside The serum concentration of Deslanoside can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Ouabain The serum concentration of Ouabain can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Digitoxin The serum concentration of Digitoxin can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Oleandrin The serum concentration of Oleandrin can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Cymarin The serum concentration of Cymarin can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Proscillaridin The serum concentration of Proscillaridin can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Metildigoxin The serum concentration of Metildigoxin can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Lanatoside C The serum concentration of Lanatoside C can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Gitoformate The serum concentration of Gitoformate can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Acetyldigoxin The serum concentration of Acetyldigoxin can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Peruvoside The serum concentration of Peruvoside can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Cyclosporine The metabolism of Cyclosporine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Tacrolimus The serum concentration of Tacrolimus can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Caffeine The metabolism of Caffeine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Theophylline The metabolism of Theophylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Pentoxifylline The metabolism of Pentoxifylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Mercaptopurine The metabolism of Mercaptopurine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Aminophylline The metabolism of Aminophylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Oxtriphylline The metabolism of Oxtriphylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Theobromine The metabolism of Theobromine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Fenethylline The metabolism of Fenethylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
8-azaguanine The metabolism of 8-azaguanine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
7,9-Dimethylguanine The metabolism of 7,9-Dimethylguanine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Xanthine The metabolism of Xanthine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
7-Deazaguanine The metabolism of 7-Deazaguanine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Guanine The metabolism of Guanine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
9-Methylguanine The metabolism of 9-Methylguanine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Peldesine The metabolism of Peldesine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Hypoxanthine The metabolism of Hypoxanthine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
9-Deazaguanine The metabolism of 9-Deazaguanine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Propentofylline The metabolism of Propentofylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Valomaciclovir The metabolism of Valomaciclovir can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine The metabolism of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Uric acid The metabolism of Uric acid can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Doxofylline The metabolism of Doxofylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
6-O-benzylguanine The metabolism of 6-O-benzylguanine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Lisofylline The metabolism of Lisofylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Lobucavir The metabolism of Lobucavir can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Cafedrine The metabolism of Cafedrine can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Theodrenaline The metabolism of Theodrenaline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Bamifylline The metabolism of Bamifylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Proxyphylline The metabolism of Proxyphylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Acefylline The metabolism of Acefylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Etamiphylline The metabolism of Etamiphylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Pentifylline The metabolism of Pentifylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Bufylline The metabolism of Bufylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Bromotheophylline The metabolism of Bromotheophylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Furafylline The metabolism of Furafylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
8-chlorotheophylline The metabolism of 8-chlorotheophylline can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
PCS-499 The metabolism of PCS-499 can be decreased when combined with Clindamycin.
Methysergide The serum concentration of Methysergide can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Cabergoline The serum concentration of Cabergoline can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Dihydroergotamine The serum concentration of Dihydroergotamine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Methylergometrine The serum concentration of Methylergometrine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Lisuride The serum concentration of Lisuride can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Nicergoline The serum concentration of Nicergoline can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Ergoloid mesylate The serum concentration of Ergoloid mesylate can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Pergolide The serum concentration of Pergolide can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Bromocriptine The serum concentration of Bromocriptine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Ergometrine The serum concentration of Ergometrine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Lysergic acid diethylamide The serum concentration of Lysergic acid diethylamide can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Dihydroergocornine The serum concentration of Dihydroergocornine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Dihydroergocristine The serum concentration of Dihydroergocristine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Dihydroergocryptine The serum concentration of Dihydroergocryptine can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Terguride The serum concentration of Terguride can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
Metergoline The serum concentration of Metergoline can be increased when it is combined with Clindamycin.
BCG vaccine The therapeutic efficacy of BCG vaccine can be decreased when used in combination with Clindamycin.
Typhoid vaccine The therapeutic efficacy of Typhoid vaccine can be decreased when used in combination with Clindamycin.
Atorvastatin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clindamycin is combined with Atorvastatin.
Pitolisant The serum concentration of Clindamycin can be decreased when it is combined with Pitolisant.
Lymecycline The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Lymecycline is combined with Clindamycin.
Capreomycin The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Capreomycin is combined with Clindamycin.
Piperacillin The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Piperacillin is combined with Clindamycin.
Framycetin The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Framycetin is combined with Clindamycin.
Clomocycline The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Clomocycline is combined with Clindamycin.
Vancomycin The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Vancomycin is combined with Clindamycin.
Tigecycline The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Tigecycline is combined with Clindamycin.
Oxytetracycline The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Oxytetracycline is combined with Clindamycin.
Demeclocycline The risk or severity of neuromuscular blockade can be increased when Demeclocycline is combined with Clindamycin.

Target Protein

50S ribosomal protein L1 rplA

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Donald E. Ayer, Carl A. Schlagel, Gordon L. Flynn, "Topical clindamycin preparations." U.S. Patent US4018918, issued January, 1971.
Artikel (PubMed)
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    Daum RS: Clinical practice. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):380-90.
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    Klempner MS, Styrt B: Clindamycin uptake by human neutrophils. J Infect Dis. 1981 Nov;144(5):472-9.
  • PMID: 15715599
    Lamont RF: Can antibiotics prevent preterm birth--the pro and con debate. BJOG. 2005 Mar;112 Suppl 1:67-73.
  • PMID: 2751277
    Plaisance KI, Drusano GL, Forrest A, Townsend RJ, Standiford HC: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of two dosage regimens of clindamycin phosphate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 May;33(5):618-20.
  • PMID: 12814964
    Wynalda MA, Hutzler JM, Koets MD, Podoll T, Wienkers LC: In vitro metabolism of clindamycin in human liver and intestinal microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Jul;31(7):878-87. doi: 10.1124/dmd.31.7.878.
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    Leigh DA: Antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics of clindamycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1981 Jun;7 Suppl A:3-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/7.suppl_a.3.
  • PMID: 22486719
    Bouazza N, Pestre V, Jullien V, Curis E, Urien S, Salmon D, Treluyer JM: Population pharmacokinetics of clindamycin orally and intravenously administered in patients with osteomyelitis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Dec;74(6):971-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04292.x.
  • PMID: 27940264
    Spizek J, Rezanka T: Lincosamides: Chemical structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, resistance, and applications. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Jun 1;133:20-28. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.001. Epub 2016 Dec 7.
Menampilkan 8 dari 9 artikel.

Contoh Produk & Brand

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Produk
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  • Acnil
    Liniment • - • Topical • US • OTC
  • Adapalene 0.1% / Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Clindamycin 1%
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  • Adapalene 0.3% / Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Clindamycin 1%
    Gel • - • Topical • US
  • Ag-clindamycin
    Capsule • 150 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ag-clindamycin
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International Brands
  • Clinimycin — Hayat
  • Dalacin C — Pfizer
  • Dalacin T Topical Solution — Pfizer
  • Zindaclin — Crawford

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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