Peringatan Keamanan

The oral LD50 of hydrochlorothiazide is >10g/kg in mice and rats.L8447,L8450

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and hyponatremia.L8447,L8450,A185138 Treat patients with symptomatic and supportive treatment including fluids and electrolytes.L8447,L8450,A185138 Vasopressors may be administered to treat hypotension and oxygen may be given for respiratory impairment.A185138,L8447,L8450

Hydrochlorothiazide

DB00999

small molecule approved vet_approved

Deskripsi

Hydrochlorothiazide is the most commonly prescribed thiazide diuretic.A185138 It is indicated to treat edema and hypertension.A185138,L8447,L8450 Hydrochlorothiazide use is common but declining in favour of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.A185138 Many combination products are available containing hydrochlorothiazide and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorsL8390,L8423 or angiotensin II receptor blockers.L7426,L7459

Hydrochlorothiazide was granted FDA approval on 12 February 1959.L8444

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 297.739
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The plasma half life of hydrochlorothiazide is 5.6-14.8h.[L8447]
Volume Distribusi The volume of distribution varies widely from one study to another with values of 0.83-4.19L/kg.[A185213]
Klirens (Clearance) The renal clearance of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with normal renal function is 285mL/min.[A185207] Patients with a creatinine clearance of 31-80mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 75mL/min, and patients with a creatinine clearance of ?30mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 17mL/min.[A185207]

Absorpsi

An oral dose of hydrochlorothiazide is 65-75% bioavailable, with a Tmax of 1-5 hours, and a Cmax of 70-490ng/mL following doses of 12.5-100mg.L8447,L8450 When taken with a meal, bioavailability is 10% lower, Cmax is 20% lower, and Tmax increases from 1.6 to 2.9 hours.L8450

Metabolisme

Hydrochlorothiazide is not metabolized.L8447,L8450

Rute Eliminasi

Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated in the urine as unchanged hydrochlorothiazide.L8447,L8450

Interaksi Makanan

6 Data
  • 1. Avoid alcohol. Alcohol may potentiate orthostatic hypotension.
  • 2. Avoid multivalent ions. Take this medication 2 hours before or after the administration of antacids, calcium supplements, or iron supplements to avoid decreased absorption of hydrochlorothiazide.
  • 3. Avoid natural licorice. Licorice potentiates the hypokalemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide.
  • 4. Increase consumption of potassium-rich foods. This medication may cause potassium depletion. Foods containing potassium include bananas and orange juice.
  • 5. Limit salt intake. Avoid excessive salt, unless recommended by a physician.
  • 6. Take with or without food.

Interaksi Obat

1934 Data
Duloxetine The risk or severity of orthostatic hypotension and syncope can be increased when Hydrochlorothiazide is combined with Duloxetine.
Levodopa The risk or severity of hypotension and orthostatic hypotension can be increased when Hydrochlorothiazide is combined with Levodopa.
Risperidone Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Risperidone.
Alfuzosin Alfuzosin may increase the hypotensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Amifostine Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine.
Diazoxide Diazoxide may increase the hypotensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Forasartan Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive and Electrolyte Disturbance activities of Forasartan.
Tasosartan Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive and Electrolyte Disturbance activities of Tasosartan.
Saralasin Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive and Electrolyte Disturbance activities of Saralasin.
Methylphenidate Methylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dexmethylphenidate Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Obinutuzumab Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Obinutuzumab.
Pentoxifylline Pentoxifylline may increase the hypotensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Rituximab Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Rituximab.
Phentermine Phentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Midodrine Midodrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Eletriptan Eletriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methysergide Methysergide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Cabergoline Cabergoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Zolmitriptan Zolmitriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methylergometrine Methylergometrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Phenylephrine Phenylephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Doxapram Doxapram may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Lisuride Lisuride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Metaraminol Metaraminol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ergotamine Ergotamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Nicergoline Nicergoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methoxamine Methoxamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Trifluoperazine Trifluoperazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Benzphetamine Benzphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Diethylpropion Diethylpropion may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Naratriptan Naratriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Frovatriptan Frovatriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ergoloid mesylate Ergoloid mesylate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dutasteride Dutasteride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Pergolide Pergolide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Finasteride Finasteride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ergometrine Ergometrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Mephentermine Mephentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Yohimbine Yohimbine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
MMDA MMDA may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Midomafetamine Midomafetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
4-Methoxyamphetamine 4-Methoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Tenamfetamine Tenamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Periciazine Periciazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Acepromazine Acepromazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Thioproperazine Thioproperazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Epicaptopril Epicaptopril may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic acid diethylamide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Amineptine Amineptine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Flibanserin Flibanserin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Amibegron Amibegron may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Naluzotan Naluzotan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Cariprazine Cariprazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Mianserin Mianserin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Nylidrin Nylidrin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Solabegron Solabegron may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Esmirtazapine Esmirtazapine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Vilazodone Vilazodone may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Xylometazoline Xylometazoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Isometheptene Isometheptene may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Naphazoline Naphazoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Tetryzoline Tetryzoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Cinitapride Cinitapride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Tyramine Tyramine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Adrafinil Adrafinil may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ifenprodil Ifenprodil may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Etilefrine Etilefrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Cannabidiol Cannabidiol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Brexpiprazole Brexpiprazole may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Cirazoline Cirazoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Synephrine Synephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Tianeptine Tianeptine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Oxaprotiline Oxaprotiline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Iofetamine I-123 Iofetamine I-123 may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dihydroergocornine Dihydroergocornine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Amitraz Amitraz may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Medetomidine Medetomidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Xylazine Xylazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Atipamezole Atipamezole may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ractopamine Ractopamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Romifidine Romifidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Detomidine Detomidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Tetrahydrocannabivarin Tetrahydrocannabivarin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ritobegron Ritobegron may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Tulobuterol Tulobuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dopexamine Dopexamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Piclozotan Piclozotan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.

Target Protein

Solute carrier family 12 member 3 SLC12A3
Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE
Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 KCNMA1

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Frederic J. Nugent, John K. C. Yen, "Process for preparing the combination products of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide." U.S. Patent US4804540, issued July, 1987.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 9856976
    Pickkers P, Hughes AD, Russel FG, Thien T, Smits P: Thiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation. Hypertension. 1998 Dec;32(6):1071-6. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.6.1071.
  • PMID: 28613517
    Herman LL, Bashir K: Hydrochlorothiazide .
  • PMID: 30422513
    Akbari P, Khorasani-Zadeh A: Thiazide Diuretics .
  • PMID: 19474192
    Gamba G: The thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter: molecular biology, functional properties, and regulation by WNKs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Oct;297(4):F838-48. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00159.2009. Epub 2009 May 27.
  • PMID: 30218717
    Balaei F, Ghobadi S: Hydrochlorothiazide binding to human serum albumin induces some compactness in the molecular structure of the protein: A multi-spectroscopic and computational study. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 Jan 5;162:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.009. Epub 2018 Sep 5.
  • PMID: 17135398
    Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Adachi M, Schuetz JD, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama Y: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 is involved in the urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;18(1):37-45. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005090966. Epub 2006 Nov 29.
  • PMID: 6873147
    Niemeyer C, Hasenfuss G, Wais U, Knauf H, Schafer-Korting M, Mutschler E: Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;24(5):661-5. doi: 10.1007/bf00542218.
  • PMID: 1551742
    Chen TM, Chiou WL: Large differences in the biological half-life and volume of distribution of hydrochlorothiazide in normal subjects from eleven studies. Correlation with their last blood sampling times. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992 Jan;30(1):34-7.

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Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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