Peringatan Keamanan

The oral LD₅₀ of pseudoephedrine is 2206mg/kg in rats and 726mg/kg in mice.^L11040

Patients experiencing an overdose of pseudoephedrine may present with giddiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, sweating, thirst, tachycardia, precordial pain, palpitations, difficulty urinating, muscle weakness, muscle tension, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, toxic psychosis, cardiac arrhythmias, circulatory collapse, convulsions, coma, and respiratory failure.L11058,L11061 Treat overdose with symptomatic and supportive treatment including removal of unabsorbed drug.L11058,L11061

Pseudoephedrine

DB00852

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Pseudoephedrine is structurally related to ephedrine but exerts a weaker effect on the sympathetic nervous system.A188820,A188823 Both drugs naturally occur in in ephedra plant which have a history of use in traditional Eastern medicine and were first researched in the west in 1889.^A188823 The decongestant effect of pseudoephedrine was described in dogs in 1927.^A188823

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 165.2322

Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The mean elimination half life of pseudoephedrine is 6.0h.[L11031]

Volume Distribusi The apparent volume of distribution of pseudoephedrin is 2.6-3.3L/kg.[L11031]

Klirens (Clearance) A 60mg oral dose of pseudoephedrine has a clearance of 5.9±1.7mL/min/kg.[L11040]

Absorpsi

A 240mg oral dose of pseudoephedrine reaches a C_max of 246.3±10.5ng/mL fed and 272.5±13.4ng/mL fasted, with a T_max of 6.60±1.38h fed and 11.87±0.72h fasted, with an AUC of 6862.0±334.1ng\*h/mL fed and 7535.1±333.0ng\*h/mL fasted.^A189360

Metabolisme

Pseudoephedrine is <1% N-demethylated to an inactive metabolite.L11058,L11061 The majority of pseudoephedrine is eliminated unmetabolized in the urine.L11058,L11061

Rute Eliminasi

55-75% of an oral dose is detected in the urine as unchanged pseudoephedrine.^L11040

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data

1. Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Interaksi Obat

1079 Data

Valsartan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Valsartan.
Ramipril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramipril.
Remikiren	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Remikiren.
Torasemide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Torasemide.
Isradipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Isradipine.
Olmesartan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Olmesartan.
Chlorthalidone	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Chlorthalidone.
Nitroprusside	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroprusside.
Diltiazem	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diltiazem.
Minoxidil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Minoxidil.
Treprostinil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Treprostinil.
Amlodipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Nimodipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nimodipine.
Nisoldipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nisoldipine.
Bendroflumethiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bendroflumethiazide.
Fosinopril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinopril.
Trandolapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trandolapril.
Metolazone	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Metolazone.
Lercanidipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lercanidipine.
Benazepril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazepril.
Bosentan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan.
Enalapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalapril.
Cyclothiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cyclothiazide.
Candoxatril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candoxatril.
Mecamylamine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Mecamylamine.
Losartan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Losartan.
Moexipril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Moexipril.
Eplerenone	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eplerenone.
Lisinopril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lisinopril.
Nitroglycerin	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroglycerin.
Metyrosine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Metyrosine.
Hydroflumethiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydroflumethiazide.
Cryptenamine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cryptenamine.
Perindopril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindopril.
Candesartan cilexetil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan cilexetil.
Fenoldopam	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fenoldopam.
Indapamide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Indapamide.
Tadalafil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tadalafil.
Eprosartan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eprosartan.
Chlorothiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Chlorothiazide.
Quinapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinapril.
Telmisartan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Telmisartan.
Methyldopa	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methyldopa.
Hydrochlorothiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Trichlormethiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trichlormethiazide.
Irbesartan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Irbesartan.
Nitrendipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitrendipine.
Deserpidine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Deserpidine.
Pentolinium	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pentolinium.
Trimethaphan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trimethaphan.
Diazoxide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diazoxide.
Captopril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Captopril.
Epoprostenol	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Epoprostenol.
Bepridil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bepridil.
Hydralazine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydralazine.
Polythiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Polythiazide.
Cilazapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cilazapril.
Saprisartan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Saprisartan.
Spirapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Spirapril.
Mibefradil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Mibefradil.
Tienilic acid	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tienilic acid.
Debrisoquine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Debrisoquine.
Sitaxentan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Sitaxentan.
Ambrisentan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ambrisentan.
Diethylnorspermine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diethylnorspermine.
Nilvadipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nilvadipine.
Pinacidil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pinacidil.
Temocapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Temocapril.
Riociguat	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Riociguat.
Macitentan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Macitentan.
Hexamethonium	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hexamethonium.
Aliskiren	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Aliskiren.
Nicorandil	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nicorandil.
Efonidipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Efonidipine.
Lacidipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lacidipine.
Manidipine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Manidipine.
Rauwolfia serpentina root	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rauwolfia serpentina root.
Enalaprilat	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalaprilat.
Selexipag	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Selexipag.
Angiotensin 1-7	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Angiotensin 1-7.
Imidapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Imidapril.
BQ-123	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of BQ-123.
Cicletanine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cicletanine.
Dihydralazine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dihydralazine.
Zofenopril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Zofenopril.
Guanoxan	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxan.
Delapril	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Delapril.
Vincamine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Vincamine.
Linsidomine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Linsidomine.
Guanoxabenz	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxabenz.
Tolonidine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tolonidine.
Endralazine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Endralazine.
Cadralazine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cadralazine.
Cyclopenthiazide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cyclopenthiazide.
Bietaserpine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bietaserpine.
Guanazodine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanazodine.
Methoserpidine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methoserpidine.
Guanoclor	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoclor.
Muzolimine	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Muzolimine.
Xipamide	Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Xipamide.

Target Protein

Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2

D(2) dopamine receptor DRD2

Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter SLC6A3

Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A

Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A

Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor ADRB1

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 NFATC1

Tumor necrosis factor TNF

Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit NFKB1

activator protein 1 ATF1

Interleukin-2 IL2

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Andrew G. Myers, "Synthesis of l-azatyrosine using pseudoephedrine as a chiral auxiliary." U.S. Patent US5760237, issued June, 1991.

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 13539766
AVIADO DM Jr, WNUCK AL, DE BEER EJ: Cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetic bronchodilators; epinephrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, isoproterenol, methoxyphenamine and isoprophenamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1958 Mar;122(3):406-17.
PMID: -
Chen K, Schmidt C: Ephedrine and Related Substances Medicine. 1930 Feb;9(1):1-117.
PMID: 30391401
Volpp M, Holzgrabe U: Determination of plasma protein binding for sympathomimetic drugs by means of ultrafiltration. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019 Jan 15;127:175-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.027. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
PMID: 1880721
Chao ST, Prather D, Pinson D, Coen P, Pruitt B, Knowles M, Place V: Effect of food on bioavailability of pseudoephedrine and brompheniramine administered from a gastrointestinal therapeutic system. J Pharm Sci. 1991 May;80(5):432-5. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600800507.
PMID: 14570629
Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S: The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Anesth Analg. 2003 Nov;97(5):1239-45.
PMID: 7507588
Johnson DA, Hricik JG: The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Nov-Dec;13(6 Pt 2):110S-115S; discussion 143S-146S.
PMID: 29713098
Thippaiah SM, Nagaraja S, Birur B, Pandurangi A: Successful Management of Psychotropics Induced Stuttering Priapism with Pseudoephedrine in a Patient with Schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2018 Feb 5;48(2):29-33.
PMID: 15189772
Wee S, Ordway GA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing effect of pseudoephedrine isomers and the mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):117-25.

Menampilkan 8 dari 11 artikel.

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Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.