Peringatan Keamanan

The oral LD₅₀ of bacitracin in rats is >2000mg/kg.^L7775

Specific data regarding bacitracin overdoses is not readily available.T662 An overdose of bacitracin may lead to nephrotoxicity^A181997 and patients should be treated with supportive measures.

Bacitracin

DB00626

small molecule approved vet_approved

Deskripsi

Bacitracin is a combination of at least 9 bacitracins.A955,A181952 60-80% of commercially prepared bacitracin is bacitracin A.^A181952 The bacillus that produces bacitracin was first isolated from a knee scrape in 1945 from the knee wound of a child named Margaret Tracy.^A181952

Bacitracin was granted FDA approval on 29 July 1948.A181997,L7748

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 1422.693

Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Data regarding the half life of bacitracin in humans is not readily available.[A181997]

Volume Distribusi Data regarding the volume of distribution of bacitracin in humans is not readily available.[A181997]

Klirens (Clearance) Data regarding the clearance of bacitracin in humans has not been well studied.[A181997] A study of 9 subjects in 1947 shows a renal clearance of 105-283mL/min with an average renal clearance of 159mL/min.[A182018]

Absorpsi

Topical, ophthalmic, and oral formulations of bacitracin are poorly absorbed systemically.A181997,A182024 Intramuscular bacitracin is readily and completely absorbed.^L7784

Metabolisme

Data regarding the metabolism of bacitracin in humans is not readily available.^A181997 Because bacitracin is a protein it is expected to be metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids.^A182009 However, the structure of bacitracin may afford it some protection from the action of proteases.^A954

Rute Eliminasi

Bacitracin is mainly excreted renally with 87% of and intramuscular dose being recovered in the urine after 6 hours.^A182018

Interaksi Obat

731 Data

Foscarnet	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Foscarnet.
Mannitol	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Mannitol is combined with Bacitracin.
Tenofovir disoproxil	Bacitracin may increase the nephrotoxic activities of Tenofovir disoproxil.
Tenofovir alafenamide	Bacitracin may increase the nephrotoxic activities of Tenofovir alafenamide.
Tenofovir	Bacitracin may increase the nephrotoxic activities of Tenofovir.
Picosulfuric acid	The therapeutic efficacy of Picosulfuric acid can be decreased when used in combination with Bacitracin.
Cyclosporine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Cyclosporine is combined with Bacitracin.
Icosapent	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Icosapent is combined with Bacitracin.
Cefotiam	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Cefotiam is combined with Bacitracin.
Mesalazine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Mesalazine is combined with Bacitracin.
Cefmenoxime	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Cefmenoxime is combined with Bacitracin.
Cefmetazole	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Cefmetazole is combined with Bacitracin.
Indomethacin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Indomethacin is combined with Bacitracin.
Triamterene	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Triamterene is combined with Bacitracin.
Cefpiramide	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Cefpiramide is combined with Bacitracin.
Loracarbef	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Loracarbef is combined with Bacitracin.
Cefalotin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Cefalotin is combined with Bacitracin.
Nabumetone	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Nabumetone is combined with Bacitracin.
Ketorolac	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Ketorolac is combined with Bacitracin.
Tenoxicam	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Tenoxicam is combined with Bacitracin.
Celecoxib	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Celecoxib is combined with Bacitracin.
Cefotaxime	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Cefotaxime is combined with Bacitracin.
Tolmetin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Tolmetin is combined with Bacitracin.
Rofecoxib	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Rofecoxib is combined with Bacitracin.
Fenoprofen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Fenoprofen is combined with Bacitracin.
Valdecoxib	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Valdecoxib is combined with Bacitracin.
Diclofenac	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Diclofenac is combined with Bacitracin.
Sulindac	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Sulindac is combined with Bacitracin.
Amphotericin B	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Amphotericin B.
Cephaloglycin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cephaloglycin.
Adefovir dipivoxil	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Adefovir dipivoxil.
Pentamidine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Pentamidine.
Mefenamic acid	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Mefenamic acid.
Naproxen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Naproxen.
Sulfasalazine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Sulfasalazine.
Phenylbutazone	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Phenylbutazone.
Meloxicam	The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Meloxicam.
Carprofen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Carprofen.
Tacrolimus	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Tacrolimus.
Etacrynic acid	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Etacrynic acid.
Ceforanide	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Ceforanide.
Salicylic acid	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Salicylic acid.
Acetylsalicylic acid	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Acetylsalicylic acid.
Hydrochlorothiazide	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Hydrochlorothiazide.
Balsalazide	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Balsalazide.
Ibuprofen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Ibuprofen.
Cefditoren	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefditoren.
Atazanavir	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Atazanavir.
Colistimethate	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Colistimethate.
Cefuroxime	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefuroxime.
Cefapirin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefapirin.
Cefprozil	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefprozil.
Olsalazine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Olsalazine.
Lumiracoxib	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Lumiracoxib.
Cefamandole	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefamandole.
Cefazolin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefazolin.
Cefonicid	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefonicid.
Cefoperazone	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefoperazone.
Cefoxitin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefoxitin.
Ceftizoxime	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Ceftizoxime.
Magnesium salicylate	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Magnesium salicylate.
Salsalate	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Salsalate.
Choline magnesium trisalicylate	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Choline magnesium trisalicylate.
Cefepime	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefepime.
Cefacetrile	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefacetrile.
Cefpodoxime	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefpodoxime.
Antrafenine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Antrafenine.
Aminophenazone	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Aminophenazone.
Antipyrine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Antipyrine.
Tiaprofenic acid	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Tiaprofenic acid.
Lopinavir	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Lopinavir.
Etoricoxib	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Etoricoxib.
Hydrolyzed Cephalothin	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Hydrolyzed Cephalothin.
Cephalothin Group	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cephalothin Group.
Oxyphenbutazone	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Oxyphenbutazone.
Latamoxef	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Latamoxef.
Nimesulide	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Nimesulide.
Benoxaprofen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Benoxaprofen.
Metamizole	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Metamizole.
Zomepirac	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Zomepirac.
Ceftobiprole	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Ceftobiprole.
Cimicoxib	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cimicoxib.
Ceftaroline fosamil	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Ceftaroline fosamil.
Lornoxicam	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Lornoxicam.
Zaltoprofen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Zaltoprofen.
Azapropazone	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Azapropazone.
Parecoxib	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Parecoxib.
Salicylamide	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Salicylamide.
Kebuzone	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Kebuzone.
Isoxicam	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Isoxicam.
Indoprofen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Indoprofen.
Ibuproxam	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Ibuproxam.
Floctafenine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Floctafenine.
Fenbufen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Fenbufen.
Etofenamate	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Etofenamate.
Epirizole	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Epirizole.
Cefaloridine	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefaloridine.
Cefminox	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Cefminox.
Dexibuprofen	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Dexibuprofen.
Droxicam	The risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Bacitracin is combined with Droxicam.

Target Protein

C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate

Insulin-degrading enzyme IDE

Alpha-2-macroglobulin A2M

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Brigt Oystese, "Zinc bacitracin composition for use as a feed supplement and method for making the same." U.S. Patent US4096246, issued December, 1963.

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 20359222
Tay WM, Epperson JD, da Silva GF, Ming LJ: 1H NMR, mechanism, and mononuclear oxidative activity of the antibiotic metallopeptide bacitracin: the role of D-Glu-4, interaction with pyrophosphate moiety, DNA binding and cleavage, and bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Apr 28;132(16):5652-61. doi: 10.1021/ja910504t.
PMID: 20477872
Karala AR, Ruddock LW: Bacitracin is not a specific inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase. FEBS J. 2010 Jun;277(11):2454-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07660.x. Epub 2010 Apr 30.
PMID: 6752975
Toscano WA Jr, Storm DR: Bacitracin. Pharmacol Ther. 1982;16(2):199-210.
PMID: 30725678
Nguyen R, Sun Y: Bacitracin Topical .
PMID: 21698655
Katsila T, Siskos AP, Tamvakopoulos C: Peptide and protein drugs: the study of their metabolism and catabolism by mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2012 Jan-Feb;31(1):110-33. doi: 10.1002/mas.20340. Epub 2011 Jun 22.
PMID: 16695495
Eagle H, Newman EV, Greif R, Burkholder TM, Goodman SC, Musselman AD: THE BLOOD LEVELS AND RENAL CLEARANCE IN RABBITS AND MAN OF AN ANTIBIOTIC DERIVED FROM B. SUBTILIS (BACITRACIN). J Clin Invest. 1947 Sep;26(5):919-28. doi: 10.1172/JCI101886.
PMID: 30000490
Authors unspecified: Bacitracin .

Textbook

ISBN: 978-0-07-183979-2
2. (2018). In Poisoning & Drug Overdose (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Link

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 1070 • International brands: 1

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International Brands

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Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.