Peringatan Keamanan

High doses of atropine may cause palpitation, dilated pupils, difficulty swallowing, hot dry skin, thirst, dizziness, restlessness, tremor, fatigue and ataxia. Toxic doses of atropine lead to restlessness and excitement, hallucinations, delirium and coma.L42835 In cases of severe intoxication, atropine can cause a circulatory collapse, leading to a decline in blood pressure and respiratory failure that may ensue in death following paralysis and coma.L42825,L42835

In case of atropine overdose, supportive treatment should be administered. Provide artificial respiration with oxygen if respiration is depressed, and follow cooling methods to reduce atropine-induced fever, especially in pediatric patients. In case of urinary retention, catheterization may be required. Atropine is mainly eliminated through the kidney; therefore, urinary output must be maintained and increased if possible. In case of atropine-induced photophobia, the room should be darkened.L42825 A short-acting barbiturate or diazepam may be given as needed to control marked excitement and convulsions; however, large doses should be avoided since central depressant action may coincide with the depression that occurs late in atropine poisoning. Central stimulants are not recommended.L42835 The acute oral toxicity (LD50) of atropine in mice is 75 mg/kg.L42850

Atropine

DB00572

small molecule approved vet_approved

Deskripsi

Atropine is an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna. It is a racemic mixture of d-and l-hyoscyamine, of which only l-hyoscyamine is pharmacologically active.A251670,L42835 Atropine is generally available as a sulfate salt and can be administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, endotracheal and ophthalmic methods. Oral atropine is only available in combination products.A251660,L42840 Atropine is a competitive, reversible antagonist of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters.A251660,L42815,L42825,L42835 It has a variety of therapeutic applications, including pupil dilation and the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of reversible causes.A251660 Atropine is a relatively inexpensive drug and is included in the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines.A251675

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 289.3694
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Following intravenous and intramuscular doses of atropine, half-life values range from approximately 2 to 4 hours.[A251670,L42835] In geriatric patients (65-75 years old), intravenous atropine has a longer half-life (10 hours). Also, the half-life of atropine is slightly shorter (approximately 20 minutes) in females than in males.[L42825] In healthy volunteers given 30 µL of atropine sulfate by topical ocular administration, the half-life of atropine was approximately 2.5 hours.[L42830]
Volume Distribusi Atropine is distributed throughout the body. Following intravenous administration, the total apparent volume of distribution of atropine ranged between 1.0 and 1.7 L/kg.[A251670]
Klirens (Clearance) Following intravenous administration, the total clearance of atropine ranged between 5.9 and 6.8 mL/min/kg.[A251670] Exercise, before and after intramuscular administration, decreases the clearance of atropine.[L42815]

Absorpsi

Intravenous atropine follows a non-linear pharmacokinetic model at doses between 0.5 and 4 mg.L42835 After intramuscular administration, atropine is rapidly absorbed. In adults given 1.67 mg of atropine intramuscularly, the Cmax was 9.6 ng/mL and the Tmax went from 3 to 60 minutes.L42825 In healthy subjects given 30 µL of atropine ophthalmic solution, the Cmax and Tmax were 288 pg/mL and 28 minutes, respectively.L42830 Atropine is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and rapidly delivered to systemic circulation. When administered intramuscularly, atropine has a bioavailability of 50%.A251665 The AUC0-INF and Cmax of atropine are higher in females than males (15%).L42825

Metabolisme

Atropine is mainly metabolized by enzymatic hydrolysis in the liver.L42815,L42825,L42835 The major metabolites of atropine are noratropine, atropin-n-oxide, tropine, and tropic acid. The metabolism of atropine is inhibited by organophosphate pesticides.L42815,??L42835

Rute Eliminasi

Approximately 13 to 50% of atropine is excreted unchanged in the urine.L42815,L42825,L42835 In healthy volunteers given intravenous atropine, 29% of tropine was excreted in urine, along with 15% of an unidentified metabolite.A251670

Interaksi Makanan

2 Data
  • 1. Avoid alcohol.
  • 2. Take with food. Food reduces irritation.

Interaksi Obat

1215 Data
Ivabradine Ivabradine may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Atropine.
Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Cyclosporine Cyclosporine may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Troglitazone Troglitazone may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Reserpine Reserpine may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Progesterone Progesterone may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Celecoxib Celecoxib may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Cimetidine Cimetidine may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Bosentan Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Tamoxifen Tamoxifen may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Tipranavir Tipranavir may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Ethinylestradiol Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Glyburide Glyburide may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Ketoconazole Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Cholic Acid Cholic Acid may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Fusidic acid Fusidic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Simeprevir Simeprevir may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Lenvatinib Lenvatinib may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Valinomycin Valinomycin may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Olmesartan Olmesartan may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Pralsetinib Pralsetinib may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.
Valsartan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Valsartan.
Remikiren Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Remikiren.
Torasemide Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Torasemide.
Guanadrel Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanadrel.
Nitroprusside Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroprusside.
Minoxidil Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Minoxidil.
Prazosin Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Prazosin.
Fosinopril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinopril.
Trandolapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trandolapril.
Benazepril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazepril.
Enalapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalapril.
Doxazosin Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Doxazosin.
Labetalol Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Labetalol.
Cyclothiazide Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cyclothiazide.
Candoxatril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candoxatril.
Mecamylamine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Mecamylamine.
Eplerenone Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eplerenone.
Lisinopril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Lisinopril.
Nitroglycerin Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroglycerin.
Metyrosine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Metyrosine.
Cryptenamine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cryptenamine.
Candesartan cilexetil Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan cilexetil.
Fenoldopam Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fenoldopam.
Tadalafil Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tadalafil.
Eprosartan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eprosartan.
Quinapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinapril.
Methyldopa Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methyldopa.
Irbesartan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Irbesartan.
Deserpidine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Deserpidine.
Pentolinium Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pentolinium.
Trimethaphan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trimethaphan.
Diazoxide Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diazoxide.
Terazosin Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Terazosin.
Guanethidine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanethidine.
Captopril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Captopril.
Epoprostenol Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Epoprostenol.
Hydralazine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydralazine.
Bevantolol Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bevantolol.
Cilazapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cilazapril.
Saprisartan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Saprisartan.
Spirapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Spirapril.
Tienilic acid Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tienilic acid.
Debrisoquine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Debrisoquine.
Sitaxentan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Sitaxentan.
Ambrisentan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ambrisentan.
Diethylnorspermine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diethylnorspermine.
Pinacidil Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pinacidil.
Temocapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Temocapril.
Riociguat Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Riociguat.
Macitentan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Macitentan.
Aliskiren Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Aliskiren.
Trimazosin Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trimazosin.
Rauwolfia serpentina root Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rauwolfia serpentina root.
Enalaprilat Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalaprilat.
Selexipag Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Selexipag.
Angiotensin 1-7 Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Angiotensin 1-7.
Imidapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Imidapril.
BQ-123 Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of BQ-123.
Dihydralazine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Dihydralazine.
Zofenopril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Zofenopril.
Guanoxan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxan.
Delapril Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Delapril.
Vincamine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Vincamine.
Linsidomine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Linsidomine.
Guanoxabenz Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxabenz.
Tolonidine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tolonidine.
Endralazine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Endralazine.
Esatenolol Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Esatenolol.
Cadralazine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cadralazine.
Cloranolol Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cloranolol.
Bietaserpine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bietaserpine.
Guanazodine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanazodine.
Methoserpidine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methoserpidine.
Epanolol Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Epanolol.
Guanoclor Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoclor.
Muzolimine Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Muzolimine.
Xipamide Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Xipamide.
Candesartan Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candesartan.

Target Protein

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 CHRM1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 CHRM2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 CHRM3
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 CHRM5
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 GLRA1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Pei-Chang Wu, Hsi-Kung Kuo, Po-Chiung Fang, Jong-Jer Lee, Chih-Hsin Chen, "Low-concentration atropine solution for preventing myopia progression and preparing method thereof." U.S. Patent US20070254914, issued November 01, 2007.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 29262018
    McLendon K, Preuss CV: Atropine .
  • PMID: 22222705
    Buels KS, Fryer AD: Muscarinic receptor antagonists: effects on pulmonary function. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012;(208):317-41. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_14.
  • PMID: 3279717
    Kanto J, Klotz U: Pharmacokinetic implications for the clinical use of atropine, scopolamine and glycopyrrolate. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1988 Feb;32(2):69-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1988.tb02691.x.
  • PMID: 30055757
    Smulyan H: The Beat Goes On: The Story of Five Ageless Cardiac Drugs. Am J Med Sci. 2018 Nov;356(5):441-450. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.04.011. Epub 2018 Apr 25.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 344 • International brands: 9
Produk
  • Alcon Atropine
    Solution • 1 % w/v • Ophthalmic • Canada • Approved
  • ATNAA atropine and pralidoxime chloride Auto-Injector
    Kit • - • Intramuscular • US • Approved
  • ATROPEN Auto-Injector
    Injection • 0.25 mg/0.3mL • Intramuscular • US • Approved
  • ATROPEN Auto-Injector
    Injection • 0.5 mg/0.7mL • Intramuscular • US • Approved
  • ATROPEN Auto-Injector
    Injection • 1 mg/0.7mL • Intramuscular • US • Approved
  • ATROPEN Auto-Injector
    Injection • 2 mg/0.7mL • Intramuscular • US • Approved
  • ATROPEN Auto-Injector
    Injection • 2 mg/0.7mL • Intramuscular • US • Approved
  • Atropine
    Solution / drops • 10 mg/1mL • Ophthalmic • US • Approved
Menampilkan 8 dari 344 produk.
International Brands
  • Anespin — Oriental Chemical Works
  • Antol — Ying Yuan
  • AtroPen — Meridian
  • Atropt — Sigma
  • Atrospan — Fischer
  • Bellapan — Farmapol
  • Dysurgal — MaxMedic
  • Kintropine — Synpac-Kingdom
  • Tromine — The Central

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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