Bosentan has been given as a single dose of up to 2400 mg in normal volunteers, or up to 2000 mg/day for 2 months in patients, without any major clinical consequences. The most common side effect was headache of mild to moderate intensity. In the cyclosporine A interaction study, in which doses of 500 and 1000 mg b.i.d. of bosentan were given concomitantly with cyclosporine A, trough plasma concentrations of bosentan increased 30-fold, resulting in severe headache, nausea, and vomiting, but no serious adverse events. Mild decreases in blood pressure and increases in heart rate were observed. There is no specific experience of overdosage with bosentan beyond the doses described above. Massive overdosage may result in pronounced hypotension requiring active cardiovascular support.
Bosentan is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist marketed under the trade name Tracleer by Actelion Pharmaceuticals. Bosentan is used to treat pulmonary hypertension by blocking the action of endothelin molecules that would otherwise promote narrowing of the blood vessels and lead to high blood pressure.
Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).
drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.gene-name dan varian snp-effects.Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.
| Cyclosporine | The serum concentration of Bosentan can be increased when it is combined with Cyclosporine. |
| Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fluvoxamine | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Fluvoxamine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Glimepiride | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Glimepiride which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Isradipine | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Isradipine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Flucloxacillin | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Flucloxacillin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Indomethacin | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Indomethacin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Atenolol | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Atenolol which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Rosiglitazone | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Rosiglitazone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Spironolactone | Spironolactone may increase the hypotensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Cerivastatin | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Cerivastatin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Loratadine | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Loratadine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Atropine | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Diclofenac | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Diclofenac which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Losartan | The metabolism of Losartan can be increased when combined with Bosentan. |
| Fluorescein | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Fluorescein which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nitrofurantoin | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Nitrofurantoin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Naproxen | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Naproxen which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Disulfiram | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Disulfiram which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Cefaclor | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Cefaclor which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Tinidazole | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Tinidazole which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Repaglinide | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Repaglinide which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Telmisartan | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Telmisartan which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ezetimibe | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Ezetimibe which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Dipyridamole | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Dipyridamole which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulfamethoxazole | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Sulfamethoxazole which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Fenofibrate | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Fenofibrate which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nitrendipine | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Nitrendipine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Glipizide | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Glipizide which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Sulfinpyrazone | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Sulfinpyrazone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Ofloxacin | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Ofloxacin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Taurocholic acid | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Taurocholic acid which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Prasterone sulfate | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Prasterone sulfate which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Indocyanine green acid form | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Indocyanine green acid form which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Benzbromarone | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Benzbromarone which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Pilsicainide | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Pilsicainide which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Dihydroergocristine | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Dihydroergocristine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Glycyrrhizic acid | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Nifedipine | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Nifedipine which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Budesonide | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Budesonide which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Belantamab mafodotin | Bosentan may decrease the excretion rate of Belantamab mafodotin which could result in a higher serum level. |
| Aripiprazole | The metabolism of Aripiprazole can be increased when combined with Bosentan. |
| Aripiprazole lauroxil | The metabolism of Aripiprazole lauroxil can be increased when combined with Bosentan. |
| Alfuzosin | Alfuzosin may increase the hypotensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Amifostine | Bosentan may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine. |
| Diazoxide | Diazoxide may increase the hypotensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Methylphenidate | Methylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Dexmethylphenidate | Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Obinutuzumab | Bosentan may increase the hypotensive activities of Obinutuzumab. |
| Pentoxifylline | Pentoxifylline may increase the hypotensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Rituximab | Bosentan may increase the hypotensive activities of Rituximab. |
| Desmopressin | Desmopressin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Midodrine | Midodrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Isoetharine | Isoetharine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Atomoxetine | Atomoxetine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Etomidate | Etomidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Zolmitriptan | Zolmitriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Protriptyline | Protriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Norepinephrine | Norepinephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Phenylephrine | Phenylephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Phenylpropanolamine | Phenylpropanolamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Droperidol | Droperidol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Amoxapine | Amoxapine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Doxapram | Doxapram may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Metaraminol | Metaraminol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Sumatriptan | Sumatriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Nicergoline | Nicergoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Methoxamine | Methoxamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Propiomazine | Propiomazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Orciprenaline | Orciprenaline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Phenmetrazine | Phenmetrazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Trifluoperazine | Trifluoperazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Dobutamine | Dobutamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Pseudoephedrine | Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Ritodrine | Ritodrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Terbutaline | Terbutaline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Flupentixol | Flupentixol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Bitolterol | Bitolterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Diethylpropion | Diethylpropion may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Naratriptan | Naratriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Rizatriptan | Rizatriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Dopamine | Dopamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Frovatriptan | Frovatriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Isoprenaline | Isoprenaline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Arbutamine | Arbutamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Lisdexamfetamine | Lisdexamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Fenoterol | Fenoterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Pirbuterol | Pirbuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Ephedra sinica root | Ephedra sinica root may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Ephedrine | Ephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Mephentermine | Mephentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Procaterol | Procaterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Methotrimeprazine | Methotrimeprazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Clenbuterol | Clenbuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Bambuterol | Bambuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| MMDA | MMDA may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| Midomafetamine | Midomafetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| 4-Methoxyamphetamine | 4-Methoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |
| 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine | 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bosentan. |