Peringatan Keamanan

Symptoms of overdose include fatigue, headache, nausea, and vomiting. LD50 is 3084 mg/kg (orally in mice).

Zidovudine

DB00495

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. PubChem

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 267.2413
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Elimination half life, HIV-infected patients, IV administration = 1.1 hours (range of 0.5 - 2.9 hours)
Volume Distribusi Apparent volume of distribution, HIV-infected patients, IV administration = 1.6 ± 0.6 L/kg
Klirens (Clearance) * 0.65 +/- 0.29 L/hr/kg [HIV-infected, Birth to 14 Days of Age] * 1.14 +/- 0.24 L/hr/kg [HIV-infected, 14 Days to 3 Months of Age] * 1.85 +/- 0.47 L/hr/kg [HIV-infected, 3 Months to 12 Years of Age]. The transporters, ABCB1, ABCC4, ABCC5, and ABCG2 are involved with the clearance of zidovudine.

Absorpsi

Rapid and nearly complete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration; however, because of first-pass metabolism, systemic bioavailability of zidovudine capsules and solution is approximately 65% (range, 52 to 75%). Bioavailability in neonates up to 14 days of age is approximately 89%, and it decreases to approximately 61% and 65% in neonates over 14 days of age and children 3 months to 12 years, respectively. Administration with a high-fat meal may decrease the rate and extent of absorption.

Metabolisme

Hepatic. Metabolized by glucuronide conjugation to major, inactive metabolite, 3′-azido-3′-deoxy-5′- O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosylthymidine (GZDV). UGT2B7 is the primary UGT isoform that is responsible for glucuronidation. Compared to zidovudine, GZDV's area under the curve is approximately 3-fold greater. The cytochrome P450 isozymes are responsible for the reduction of the azido moiety to form 3'-amino-3'- deoxythymidine (AMT).

Rute Eliminasi

As in adult patients, the major route of elimination was by metabolism to GZDV. After intravenous dosing, about 29% of the dose was excreted in the urine unchanged and about 45% of the dose was excreted as GZDV.

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data
  • 1. Take with or without food. The administration of zidovudine with food causes a 28% reduction in the Cmax but does not affect the AUC.

Interaksi Obat

1195 Data
Denosumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Denosumab is combined with Zidovudine.
Interferon alfa-n1 The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfa-n1 is combined with Zidovudine.
Interferon alfa-n3 The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfa-n3 is combined with Zidovudine.
Interferon gamma-1b The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon gamma-1b is combined with Zidovudine.
Interferon alfa-2a The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfa-2a is combined with Zidovudine.
Aldesleukin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Zidovudine.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is combined with Zidovudine.
Pegaspargase The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pegaspargase is combined with Zidovudine.
Interferon beta-1b The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon beta-1b is combined with Zidovudine.
Interferon alfacon-1 The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfacon-1 is combined with Zidovudine.
Rituximab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rituximab is combined with Zidovudine.
Basiliximab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Basiliximab is combined with Zidovudine.
Muromonab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Muromonab is combined with Zidovudine.
Ibritumomab tiuxetan The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ibritumomab tiuxetan is combined with Zidovudine.
Tositumomab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tositumomab is combined with Zidovudine.
Alemtuzumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alemtuzumab is combined with Zidovudine.
Alefacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alefacept is combined with Zidovudine.
Efalizumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Efalizumab is combined with Zidovudine.
Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (rabbit) The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (rabbit) is combined with Zidovudine.
Daclizumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Daclizumab is combined with Zidovudine.
Phenylalanine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Phenylalanine is combined with Zidovudine.
Flunisolide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Flunisolide is combined with Zidovudine.
Bortezomib The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bortezomib is combined with Zidovudine.
Cladribine The serum concentration of the active metabolites of Cladribine can be decreased when Cladribine is used in combination with Zidovudine.
Carmustine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Carmustine is combined with Zidovudine.
Amsacrine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amsacrine is combined with Zidovudine.
Bleomycin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bleomycin is combined with Zidovudine.
Chlorambucil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorambucil is combined with Zidovudine.
Raltitrexed The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Raltitrexed is combined with Zidovudine.
Mitomycin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Mitomycin is combined with Zidovudine.
Bexarotene The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bexarotene is combined with Zidovudine.
Vindesine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Vindesine is combined with Zidovudine.
Floxuridine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Floxuridine is combined with Zidovudine.
Tioguanine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tioguanine is combined with Zidovudine.
Vinorelbine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Vinorelbine is combined with Zidovudine.
Dexrazoxane The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dexrazoxane is combined with Zidovudine.
Beclomethasone dipropionate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Beclomethasone dipropionate is combined with Zidovudine.
Streptozocin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Streptozocin is combined with Zidovudine.
Trifluridine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trifluridine is combined with Zidovudine.
Gemcitabine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Gemcitabine is combined with Zidovudine.
Betamethasone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Betamethasone is combined with Zidovudine.
Teniposide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Teniposide is combined with Zidovudine.
Epirubicin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Epirubicin is combined with Zidovudine.
Chloramphenicol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chloramphenicol is combined with Zidovudine.
Lenalidomide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Lenalidomide is combined with Zidovudine.
Altretamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Altretamine is combined with Zidovudine.
Cisplatin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Cisplatin.
Oxaliplatin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Oxaliplatin.
Vincristine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Vincristine.
Propylthiouracil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Propylthiouracil.
Pentostatin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Pentostatin.
Methotrexate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Methotrexate.
Vinblastine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Vinblastine.
Fluticasone propionate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Fluticasone propionate.
Fluocinolone acetonide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Fluocinolone acetonide.
Linezolid The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Linezolid.
Imatinib The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Imatinib.
Triamcinolone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Triamcinolone.
Clofarabine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Clofarabine.
Prednisone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Prednisone.
Pemetrexed Zidovudine may decrease the excretion rate of Pemetrexed which could result in a higher serum level.
Fludrocortisone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Fludrocortisone.
Mycophenolate mofetil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Mycophenolate mofetil.
Daunorubicin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Daunorubicin.
Dacarbazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Dacarbazine.
Temozolomide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Temozolomide.
Penicillamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Penicillamine.
Prednisolone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Prednisolone.
Mechlorethamine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Mechlorethamine.
Azacitidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Azacitidine.
Carboplatin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Carboplatin.
Methylprednisolone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Methylprednisolone.
Dactinomycin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Dactinomycin.
Cytarabine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Cytarabine.
Azathioprine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Azathioprine.
Hydroxyurea The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Topotecan The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Topotecan.
Mercaptopurine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Mercaptopurine.
Thalidomide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Thalidomide.
Melphalan The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Melphalan.
Fludarabine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Fludarabine.
Flucytosine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Flucytosine.
Trilostane The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Trilostane.
Procarbazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Procarbazine.
Arsenic trioxide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Arsenic trioxide.
Idarubicin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Idarubicin.
Ifosfamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Ifosfamide.
Estramustine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Estramustine.
Mitoxantrone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Mitoxantrone.
Lomustine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Lomustine.
Dexamethasone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Dexamethasone.
Docetaxel The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Docetaxel.
Eculizumab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Eculizumab.
Decitabine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Decitabine.
Sunitinib The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Sunitinib.
Nelarabine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Nelarabine.
Corticotropin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Corticotropin.
Cortisone acetate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Cortisone acetate.
Paramethasone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Paramethasone.
Ciclesonide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zidovudine is combined with Ciclesonide.

Target Protein

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 FLT3
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH pol
Gag-Pol polyprotein gag-pol
Telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 7508227
    De Clercq E: HIV resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jan 20;47(2):155-69.
  • PMID: 3072667
    Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Broder S: AIDS therapies. Sci Am. 1988 Oct;259(4):110-9.
  • PMID: 7935654
    Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O'Sullivan MJ, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson RL, et al.: Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 3;331(18):1173-80.
  • PMID: 1699273
    Mitsuya H, Yarchoan R, Broder S: Molecular targets for AIDS therapy. Science. 1990 Sep 28;249(4976):1533-44.
  • PMID: 2413459
    Mitsuya H, Weinhold KJ, Furman PA, St Clair MH, Lehrman SN, Gallo RC, Bolognesi D, Barry DW, Broder S: 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Oct;82(20):7096-100.
  • PMID: 12920168
    Court MH, Krishnaswamy S, Hao Q, Duan SX, Patten CJ, Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: Evaluation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, morphine, and codeine as probe substrates for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) in human liver microsomes: specificity and influence of the UGT2B7*2 polymorphism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Sep;31(9):1125-33.

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