Peringatan Keamanan

Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 37 mg/kg (mouse) MSDS.

Overdose

An overdose of amlodipine could result in a high degree of peripheral vasodilatation with a possibility of reflex tachycardia. Significant and prolonged hypotension leading to shock and fatal outcomes have been reported FDA label.

Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility

Rats and mice treated with amlodipine maleate in the diet on a long-term basis for up to 2 years demonstrated no evidence of a carcinogenic effect of the drug. For the mouse, the highest dose was comparable to the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg amlodipine per day. For the rat, the highest dose was measured to be about twice the maximum recommended human dose FDA label.

Mutagenicity studies using amlodipine maleate showed no drug-related gene or chromosomal effects FDA label.

There was no impact on the fertility of rats given oral amlodipine maleate (males for 64 days and females for 14 days before mating) at doses up to 10 mg amlodipine/kg/day (8 times the maximum recommended human dose) FDA label.

Use in pregnancy

The safety of amlodipine in human pregnancy or lactation has not been proven. Amlodipine is therefore considered a pregnancy category C drug F3757.
Use amlodipine only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk FDA label.

Use in nursing

Discontinue when administering amlodipine FDA label.

Amlodipine

DB00381

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Amlodipine, initially approved by the FDA in 1987, is a popular antihypertensive drug belonging to the group of drugs called dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. Due to their selectivity for the peripheral blood vessels, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are associated with a lower incidence of myocardial depression and cardiac conduction abnormalities than other calcium channel blockers A175327.

Amlodipine is commonly used in the treatment of high blood pressure and angina. Amlodipine has antioxidant properties and an ability to enhance the production of nitric oxide (NO), an important vasodilator that decreases blood pressure A175321. The option for single daily dosing of amlodipine is an attractive feature of this drug FDA label.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 408.876
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: ObatTargetGenEnzim(Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi)TransporterCarrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The terminal elimination half-life of about 30–50 hours [FDA label]. Plasma elimination half-life is 56 hours in patients with impaired hepatic function, titrate slowly when administering this drug to patients with severe hepatic impairment [FDA label].
Volume Distribusi 21 L/kg [A175327], [A175336].
Klirens (Clearance) Total body clearance (CL) has been calculated as 7 ± 1.3 ml/min/kg (0.42 ± 0.078 L/ h/kg) in healthy volunteers [A175327], [A175336]. Elderly patients show a reduced clearance of amlodipine with an AUC (area under the curve) increase of about 40–60%, and a lower initial dose may be required [FDA label].

Absorpsi

Amlodipine absorbed slowly and almost completely from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma concentrations are achieved 6-12 hours after oral administration. The estimated bioavailability of amlodipine is 64-90%. Steady-state plasma amlodipine levels are achieved after 7-8 days of consecutive daily dosing. Absorption is not affected by food FDA label.

Metabolisme

Amlodipine is heavily (approximately 90%) converted to inactive metabolites via hepatic breakdown with 10% of the parent compound and 60% of the metabolites found excreted in the urine. Ex vivo studies have shown that about 93% of the circulating drug is bound to plasma proteins in hypertensive patients FDA label. Characteristics that add to amlodipine's unique pharmacologic profile include nearly complete absorption, late-peak plasma concentrations, high bioavailability, and slow hepatic breakdown A574.

Rute Eliminasi

Elimination from the plasma occurs in a biphasic with a terminal elimination half-life of about 30–50 hours. Steady-state plasma levels of amlodipine are reached after 7-8 days of consecutive daily dosing FDA label. Amlodipine is 10% excreted as unchanged drug in the urine. Amlodipine can be initiated at normal doses in patients diagnosed with renal failure F3757, FDA label.

Farmakogenomik

1 Varian
NPPA (rs5065)

Patients with this genotype have increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes with diuretics.

Interaksi Makanan

3 Data
  • 1. Avoid grapefruit products.
  • 2. Avoid natural licorice.
  • 3. Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Interaksi Obat

1361 Data
Duloxetine The risk or severity of orthostatic hypotension and syncope can be increased when Amlodipine is combined with Duloxetine.
Levodopa The risk or severity of hypotension and orthostatic hypotension can be increased when Amlodipine is combined with Levodopa.
Risperidone Amlodipine may increase the hypotensive activities of Risperidone.
Ceritinib Amlodipine may increase the bradycardic activities of Ceritinib.
Ivabradine Amlodipine may increase the bradycardic activities of Ivabradine.
Ruxolitinib Ruxolitinib may increase the bradycardic activities of Amlodipine.
Alfuzosin Alfuzosin may increase the hypotensive activities of Amlodipine.
Amifostine Amlodipine may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine.
Diazoxide Diazoxide may increase the hypotensive activities of Amlodipine.
Methylphenidate Methylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Dexmethylphenidate Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Obinutuzumab Amlodipine may increase the hypotensive activities of Obinutuzumab.
Pentoxifylline Pentoxifylline may increase the hypotensive activities of Amlodipine.
Rituximab Amlodipine may increase the hypotensive activities of Rituximab.
Desmopressin Desmopressin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Midodrine Midodrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Isoetharine Isoetharine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Etomidate Etomidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Zolmitriptan Zolmitriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Norepinephrine Norepinephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Doxapram Doxapram may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Metaraminol Metaraminol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Methoxamine Methoxamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Orciprenaline Orciprenaline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Dobutamine Dobutamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Ritodrine Ritodrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Bitolterol Bitolterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Diethylpropion Diethylpropion may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Naratriptan Naratriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Rizatriptan Rizatriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Dopamine Dopamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Frovatriptan Frovatriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Isoprenaline Isoprenaline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Arbutamine Arbutamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Fenoterol Fenoterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Pirbuterol Pirbuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Ephedra sinica root Ephedra sinica root may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Ephedrine Ephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Mephentermine Mephentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Procaterol Procaterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Clenbuterol Clenbuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Bambuterol Bambuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
MMDA MMDA may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Midomafetamine Midomafetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
4-Methoxyamphetamine 4-Methoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Tenamfetamine Tenamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Metamfetamine Metamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Epicaptopril Epicaptopril may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Amineptine Amineptine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Amibegron Amibegron may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Naluzotan Naluzotan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Solabegron Solabegron may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Droxidopa Droxidopa may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Isometheptene Isometheptene may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Levonordefrin Levonordefrin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Naphazoline Naphazoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Tetryzoline Tetryzoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Cinitapride Cinitapride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Tyramine Tyramine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Adrafinil Adrafinil may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Ifenprodil Ifenprodil may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Hexoprenaline Hexoprenaline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Etilefrine Etilefrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Dimetacrine Dimetacrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Cirazoline Cirazoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Synephrine Synephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Moxisylyte Moxisylyte may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Oxaprotiline Oxaprotiline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Iofetamine I-123 Iofetamine I-123 may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Racepinephrine Racepinephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
DL-Methylephedrine DL-Methylephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Amitraz Amitraz may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Medetomidine Medetomidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Xylazine Xylazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Atipamezole Atipamezole may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Ractopamine Ractopamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Romifidine Romifidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Detomidine Detomidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Etafedrine Etafedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Tetrahydrocannabivarin Tetrahydrocannabivarin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
PF-00610355 PF-00610355 may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Ritobegron Ritobegron may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Abediterol Abediterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Tulobuterol Tulobuterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Dopexamine Dopexamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Piclozotan Piclozotan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Idazoxan Idazoxan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Higenamine Higenamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.
Reproterol Reproterol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amlodipine.

Target Protein

Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C CACNA1C
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 CACNA2D1
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I CACNA1I
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B CACNA1B
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 CACNB1
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 CACNA2D3
Carbonic anhydrase 1 CA1
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase SMPD1
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel CACNA1B

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 1834847
    Nayler WG, Gu XH: The unique binding properties of amlodipine: a long-acting calcium antagonist. J Hum Hypertens. 1991 Aug;5 Suppl 1:55-9.
  • PMID: 9156957
    van Zwieten PA: Amlodipine: an overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. Clin Cardiol. 1994 Sep;17(9 Suppl 3):III3-6.
  • PMID: 27752334
    Fares H, DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ: Amlodipine in hypertension: a first-line agent with efficacy for improving blood pressure and patient outcomes. Open Heart. 2016 Sep 28;3(2):e000473. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000473. eCollection 2016.
  • PMID: 16855075
    Flynn JT, Nahata MC, Mahan JD Jr, Portman RJ: Population pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in hypertensive children and adolescents. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;46(8):905-16. doi: 10.1177/0091270006289844.
  • PMID: 1532771
    Meredith PA, Elliott HL: Clinical pharmacokinetics of amlodipine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1992 Jan;22(1):22-31. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199222010-00003.
  • PMID: 2943308
    Faulkner JK, McGibney D, Chasseaud LF, Perry JL, Taylor IW: The pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in healthy volunteers after single intravenous and oral doses and after 14 repeated oral doses given once daily. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Jul;22(1):21-5.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 1947 • International brands: 40
Produk
  • Accel-amlodipine
    Tablet • 5 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Accel-amlodipine
    Tablet • 10 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Accel-amlodipine
    Tablet • 2.5 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ach-amlodipine
    Tablet • 2.5 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ach-amlodipine
    Tablet • 5 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ach-amlodipine
    Tablet • 10 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ag-amlodipine
    Tablet • 2.5 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ag-amlodipine
    Tablet • 5 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
Menampilkan 8 dari 1947 produk.
International Brands
  • Aforbes — Merck
  • Agen — Zentiva
  • Aken — Kendrick Farmaceutica
  • Amcard — Apex Pharma Ltd
  • Amdepin — Cadila Pharmaceuticals
  • Amdipin — Laboratorios Lafrancol
  • Amilostad
  • Amlocard — AWD (Germany)
  • Amlod
  • Amlodine — Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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