Peringatan Keamanan

Toxicity Data: Oral TDLO (child): 4167 ?g/kg; Oral TDLO (man): 714 ?g/kg/1D (intermittent); Oral TDLO (woman): 10 mg/kg F3454.

Ingestion of 750 mg or more by an adult may result in severe toxicity. The effects in overdose are further increased by simultaneous ingestion of alcohol and another psychotropic agent FDA label. Symptoms of overdose include abnormally low blood pressure, confusion, convulsions, dilated pupils and other eye problems, disturbed concentration, drowsiness, hallucinations, impaired heart function, rapid or irregular heartbeat, reduced body temperature, stupor, and unresponsiveness or coma, among others FDA label, F3454.

Use in pregnancy

For amitriptyline, only limited clinical data are available regarding its use in pregnancy.
Amitriptyline is not recommended during pregnancy unless clearly required and only after careful consideration of both risks and benefits FDA label.

Use in breastfeeding

Amitriptyline and its metabolites are excreted into breast milk (corresponding to 0.6 % - 1 % of the maternal dose). A risk to the suckling child must be considered. A decision should be made as to whether it is appropriate to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue/abstain from the therapy of this medicinal product, considering the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.

Effects on fertility

Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity. No data on the effects of amitriptyline on human fertility are available FDA label.

Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis

The genotoxic potential of amitriptyline has been investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Although these investigations showed
some contradictory results, a potential of amitriptyline to lead to chromosome abnormalities cannot be excluded. Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been performed to this date FDA label.

Amitriptyline

DB00321

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat depression for decades. ELAVIL, a previously approved branded product of amitriptyline, was first approved by the FDA in 1961.A259342 Amitriptyline has been investigated in the treatment of pain-related conditions, attributed to its analgesic properties.A174661

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 277.4033
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: ObatTargetGenEnzim(Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi)TransporterCarrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The elimination half-life (t1?2 ?) amitriptyline after peroral administration is about 25 hours (24.65 ± 6.31 hours; range 16.49-40.36 hours) [FDA Label].
Volume Distribusi The apparent volume of distribution (Vd)? estimated after intravenous administration is 1221 L±280 L; range 769-1702 L (16±3 L/kg) [FDA Label]. It is found widely distributed throughout the body [A174661]. Amitriptyline and the main metabolite _nortriptyline_ pass across the placental barrier and small amounts are present in breast milk [FDA Label].
Klirens (Clearance) The mean systemic clearance (Cls) is 39.24 ± 10.18 L/h (range: 24.53-53.73 L/h) [FDA Label]. No clear effect of older age on the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline has been determined, although it is possible that clearance may be decreased [A174661].

Absorpsi

Rapidly absorbed following oral administration (bioavailability is 30-60% due to first pass metabolism). Peak plasma concentrations are reached 2-12 hours after oral or intramuscular administration FDA label. Steady-state plasma concentrations vary greatly and this variation may be due to genetic differences F3454.

Metabolisme

In vitro, the metabolism of amitriptyline occurs mainly by demethylation (CYP2C19, CYP3A4) as well as hydroxylation (CYP2D6) followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid. Other isozymes involved in amitriptyline metabolism are CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. The metabolism of this drug is subject to genetic polymorphisms. The main active metabolite is the secondary amine, nortriptyline FDA label. Nortriptyline is a stronger inhibitor of noradrenaline than of serotonin uptake, while amitriptyline inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin with equal efficacy. Other metabolites such as cis- and trans-10-hydroxyamitriptyline and cis- and trans-10-hydroxynortriptyline have the same pharmacologic profile as nortriptyline but are significantly weaker. Demethylnortriptyline and amitriptyline N oxide are only present in plasma in negligible amounts; the latter is mostly inactive FDA label.

Rute Eliminasi

Amitriptyline and its metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine. Virtually the entire dose is excreted as glucuronide or sulfate conjugate of metabolites, with approximately 2% of unchanged drug appearing in the urine FDA Label. 25-50% of a single orally administered dose is excreted in urine as inactive metabolites within 24 hours FDA label. Small amounts are excreted in feces via biliary elimination F3454.

Farmakogenomik

12 Varian
CYP2D6 (rs3892097)

Patients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of amitriptyline.

ABCB1 (rs2032583)

Patients with this genotype have an increased likelihood of remission when using amitriptyline to treat major depressive disorder

CYP2C19 (rs4244285)

Patients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of amitriptyline.

ABCB1 (rs2032583)

Patients with this genotype have increased risk of adverse events with amitriptyline

CYP2D6 (rs35742686)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

CYP2D6 (rs3892097)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

CYP2D6 (None)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

CYP2D6 (rs5030655)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

CYP2C19 (rs4244285)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

CYP2C19 (rs4986893)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C19 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

CYP2D6 (rs1135824)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

CYP2D6 (rs28371733)

The presence of this polymorphism in CYP2D6 is associated with reduced or poor metabolism of amitriptyline.

Interaksi Makanan

4 Data
  • 1. Avoid alcohol.
  • 2. Avoid St. John's Wort.
  • 3. Limit caffeine intake.
  • 4. Take with food. Food reduces irritation.

Interaksi Obat

2431 Data
Ivabradine Ivabradine may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Amitriptyline.
Cilostazol The serum concentration of Cilostazol can be increased when it is combined with Amitriptyline.
Deferasirox The serum concentration of Amitriptyline can be increased when it is combined with Deferasirox.
Leflunomide The serum concentration of Amitriptyline can be decreased when it is combined with Leflunomide.
Teriflunomide The serum concentration of Amitriptyline can be decreased when it is combined with Teriflunomide.
Remikiren Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Remikiren.
Guanadrel Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanadrel.
Olmesartan Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Olmesartan.
Trandolapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Trandolapril.
Benazepril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazepril.
Candoxatril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Candoxatril.
Nitroglycerin Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Nitroglycerin.
Cryptenamine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cryptenamine.
Eprosartan Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Eprosartan.
Quinapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinapril.
Deserpidine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Deserpidine.
Saprisartan Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Saprisartan.
Spirapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Spirapril.
Diethylnorspermine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diethylnorspermine.
Temocapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Temocapril.
Rauwolfia serpentina root Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rauwolfia serpentina root.
Angiotensin 1-7 Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Angiotensin 1-7.
Imidapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Imidapril.
BQ-123 Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of BQ-123.
Zofenopril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Zofenopril.
Guanoxan Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxan.
Delapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Delapril.
Vincamine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Vincamine.
Linsidomine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Linsidomine.
Guanoxabenz Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoxabenz.
Tolonidine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tolonidine.
Endralazine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Endralazine.
Cadralazine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cadralazine.
Bietaserpine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Bietaserpine.
Guanazodine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanazodine.
Methoserpidine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Methoserpidine.
Guanoclor Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Guanoclor.
Tocopherylquinone Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Tocopherylquinone.
Benazeprilat Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Benazeprilat.
Fosinoprilat Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Fosinoprilat.
Ramiprilat Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramiprilat.
Perindoprilat Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindoprilat.
Quinaprilat Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Quinaprilat.
Pinacidil Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Pinacidil.
Aliskiren Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Aliskiren.
Enalapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Enalapril.
Captopril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Captopril.
Cilazapril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Cilazapril.
Ramipril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Ramipril.
Perindopril Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Perindopril.
Azilsartan medoxomil Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Azilsartan medoxomil.
Diazoxide Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Diazoxide.
Doxylamine Doxylamine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Amitriptyline.
Dronabinol The metabolism of Amitriptyline can be decreased when combined with Dronabinol.
Droperidol Droperidol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Amitriptyline.
Hydrocodone Amitriptyline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Hydrocodone.
Magnesium sulfate The therapeutic efficacy of Amitriptyline can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium sulfate.
Metyrosine Amitriptyline may increase the sedative activities of Metyrosine.
Minocycline Minocycline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Amitriptyline.
Nabilone Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Amitriptyline.
Paraldehyde Amitriptyline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Paraldehyde.
Perampanel Perampanel may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Amitriptyline.
Pramipexole Amitriptyline may increase the sedative activities of Pramipexole.
Ropinirole Amitriptyline may increase the sedative activities of Ropinirole.
Rufinamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rufinamide is combined with Amitriptyline.
Sodium oxybate Amitriptyline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate.
Suvorexant Amitriptyline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Suvorexant.
Tapentadol Tapentadol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Amitriptyline.
Thalidomide Amitriptyline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Thalidomide.
Zolpidem Amitriptyline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zolpidem.
Dabrafenib The serum concentration of Amitriptyline can be decreased when it is combined with Dabrafenib.
Fluconazole Amitriptyline may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Fluconazole.
Aclidinium The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Aclidinium.
Mianserin Mianserin may increase the anticholinergic activities of Amitriptyline.
Mirabegron The risk or severity of urinary retention can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Mirabegron.
Potassium chloride The risk or severity of gastrointestinal ulceration can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Potassium chloride.
Pramlintide The risk or severity of reduced gastrointestinal motility can be increased when Pramlintide is combined with Amitriptyline.
Secretin porcine The therapeutic efficacy of Secretin porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Amitriptyline.
Tiotropium The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Tiotropium.
Topiramate The risk or severity of hyperthermia and oligohydrosis can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Topiramate.
Umeclidinium The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Umeclidinium.
Doxapram The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Doxapram.
Phenmetrazine The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Phenmetrazine.
Omapatrilat Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Omapatrilat.
Rescinnamine Amitriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Rescinnamine.
Epicaptopril The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Epicaptopril.
1-benzylimidazole The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with 1-benzylimidazole.
Saralasin The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Saralasin.
Tyramine The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Tyramine.
Atipamezole The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Atipamezole.
Idazoxan The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Idazoxan.
Tramazoline The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Tramazoline.
Fenozolone The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Fenozolone.
Xenon The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Xenon.
Buflomedil The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Buflomedil.
Mefenorex The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Mefenorex.
Quinoline Yellow WS The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Quinoline Yellow WS.
Terguride The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Terguride.
Methylergometrine The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Methylergometrine.
Dihydroergocornine The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amitriptyline is combined with Dihydroergocornine.

Target Protein

Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter SLC6A2
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter SLC6A4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A HTR2A
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A HTR1A
Delta-type opioid receptor OPRD1
Kappa-type opioid receptor OPRK1
High affinity nerve growth factor receptor NTRK1
BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor NTRK2
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor ADRA1A
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor ADRA1D
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor ADRA2A
Histamine H1 receptor HRH1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 KCNQ2
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 KCNA1
Histamine H2 receptor HRH2
Histamine H4 receptor HRH4
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 SIGMAR1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C HTR2C
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor ADRA1B
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 HTR7
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D HTR1D
Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B HTR1B
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 HTR6
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 KCNQ3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C Htr2c
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor CHRM1
HERG human cardiac K+ channel KCNH2

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Manfred Durr, Benedikt Gajdos, Klaus-Dieter Gneuss, Ekkehard Harhausen, Jurgen Seidel, "Pharmaceutical amitriptylin oxide preparation and process for its manufacture." U.S. Patent US4567202, issued January 28, 1986.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 15943846
    Otaka M, Jin M, Odashima M, Matsuhashi T, Wada I, Horikawa Y, Komatsu K, Ohba R, Oyake J, Hatakeyama N, Watanabe S: New strategy of therapy for functional dyspepsia using famotidine, mosapride and amitriptyline. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jun;21 Suppl 2:42-6.
  • PMID: 21515689
    Hisaoka K, Tsuchioka M, Yano R, Maeda N, Kajitani N, Morioka N, Nakata Y, Takebayashi M: Tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline activates fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in glial cells: involvement in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor production. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jun 17;286(24):21118-28. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.224683. Epub 2011 Apr 22.
  • PMID: 20398637
    Yan L, Wang Q, Fu Q, Ye Q, Xiao H, Wan Q: Amitriptyline inhibits currents and decreases the mRNA expression of voltage-gated sodium channels in cultured rat cortical neurons. Brain Res. 2010 Jun 8;1336:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.016. Epub 2010 Apr 14.
  • PMID: 9399333
    Olesen OV, Linnet K: Metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pharmacology. 1997 Nov;55(5):235-43. doi: 10.1159/000139533.
  • PMID: 28536367
    Lawson K: A Brief Review of the Pharmacology of Amitriptyline and Clinical Outcomes in Treating Fibromyalgia. Biomedicines. 2017 May 17;5(2). pii: biomedicines5020024. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines5020024.
  • PMID: 8736630
    Bryson HM, Wilde MI: Amitriptyline. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in chronic pain states. Drugs Aging. 1996 Jun;8(6):459-76. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199608060-00008.
  • PMID: 12804503
    Guaiana G, Barbui C, Hotopf M: Amitriptyline versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD004186. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004186 .
  • PMID: 18697829
    Nishishinya B, Urrutia G, Walitt B, Rodriguez A, Bonfill X, Alegre C, Darko G: Amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review of its efficacy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Dec;47(12):1741-6. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken317. Epub 2008 Aug 12.
Menampilkan 8 dari 11 artikel.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 624 • International brands: 17
Produk
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    Tablet • 10 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ag-amitriptyline
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  • Ag-amitriptyline
    Tablet • 50 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Ag-amitriptyline
    Tablet • 75 mg • Oral • Canada • Generic • Approved
  • Amitriptyline
    Tablet • 10 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Amitriptyline
    Tablet • 25 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Amitriptyline
    Tablet • 50 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
  • Amitriptyline
    Tablet • 10 mg • Oral • Canada • Approved
Menampilkan 8 dari 624 produk.
International Brands
  • Adepril — Teofarma
  • Amitryp — Raza
  • Conmitrip — Condrugs
  • Endep — Alphapharm
  • Fiorda — Driburg
  • Kamitrin — Saga
  • Laroxyl — Deva
  • Latilin — La Pharmaceuticals
  • Maxitrip — Invision
  • Redomex — Lundbeck

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