Peringatan Keamanan

Symptoms of overdose include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, flushing, dizziness, disturbed hearing and vision, confusion, weakness, palpitations, altered respiration and hypotension. LD50= 24 mg/kg (orally in mice).

Nicotine

DB00184

small molecule approved

Deskripsi

Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 162.2316
Wujud liquid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) Cotinine has a half life of 15-20 hours, while nicotine has a half life of 1-3 hours
Volume Distribusi * 2 to 3 L/kg
Klirens (Clearance) * 1.2 L/min [healthy adult smoker]

Absorpsi

Absorption of nicotine through the buccal mucosa is relatively slow and the high and rapid rise followed by the decline in nicotine arterial plasma concentrations seen with cigarette smoking are not achieved with the inhaler. About 10% of absorbed nicotine is excreted unchanged in urine.

Metabolisme

Primarily hepatic, cotinine is the primary metabolite.

Rute Eliminasi

About 10% of the nicotine absorbed is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data
  • 1. Take separate from meals. For nicotine gum, lozenges, and oral sprays, avoid eating and drinking for 15 minutes before and during its use.

Interaksi Obat

725 Data
Adenosine Nicotine may increase the atrioventricular blocking (AV block) and tachycardic activities of Adenosine.
Cimetidine Cimetidine may decrease the excretion rate of Nicotine which could result in a higher serum level.
Varenicline The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Varenicline is combined with Nicotine.
Torasemide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Torasemide is combined with Nicotine.
Methyclothiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methyclothiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfisoxazole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfisoxazole is combined with Nicotine.
Chlorthalidone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorthalidone is combined with Nicotine.
Ethoxzolamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ethoxzolamide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfadiazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfadiazine is combined with Nicotine.
Bendroflumethiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bendroflumethiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Metolazone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metolazone is combined with Nicotine.
Bosentan The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bosentan is combined with Nicotine.
Benzthiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Benzthiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfamethizole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfamethizole is combined with Nicotine.
Cyclothiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cyclothiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfametopyrazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfametopyrazine is combined with Nicotine.
Sumatriptan The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sumatriptan is combined with Nicotine.
Furosemide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Furosemide is combined with Nicotine.
Tamsulosin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tamsulosin is combined with Nicotine.
Hydroflumethiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydroflumethiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfasalazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfasalazine is combined with Nicotine.
Indapamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Indapamide is combined with Nicotine.
Acetazolamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Nicotine.
Chlorothiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorothiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Bumetanide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bumetanide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfapyridine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfapyridine is combined with Nicotine.
Zonisamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zonisamide is combined with Nicotine.
Hydrochlorothiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydrochlorothiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfamethoxazole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfamethoxazole is combined with Nicotine.
Trichlormethiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trichlormethiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Probenecid The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Probenecid is combined with Nicotine.
Rosuvastatin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rosuvastatin is combined with Nicotine.
Diazoxide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Diazoxide is combined with Nicotine.
Diclofenamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Diclofenamide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfacytine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfacytine is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfadoxine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfadoxine is combined with Nicotine.
Polythiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Polythiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Quinethazone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Quinethazone is combined with Nicotine.
Glymidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Glymidine is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfamerazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfamerazine is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfamethazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfamethazine is combined with Nicotine.
Piretanide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Piretanide is combined with Nicotine.
Hydroxyfasudil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydroxyfasudil is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfadimethoxine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfadimethoxine is combined with Nicotine.
Simeprevir The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Simeprevir is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfameter The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfameter is combined with Nicotine.
5-(2-methylpiperazine-1-sulfonyl)isoquinoline The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when 5-(2-methylpiperazine-1-sulfonyl)isoquinoline is combined with Nicotine.
Fasudil The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fasudil is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfamoxole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfamoxole is combined with Nicotine.
Azosemide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Azosemide is combined with Nicotine.
Clorsulon The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clorsulon is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfachlorpyridazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfachlorpyridazine is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfaethoxypyridazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfaethoxypyridazine is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfanitran The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfanitran is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfaquinoxaline The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfaquinoxaline is combined with Nicotine.
Setrobuvir The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Setrobuvir is combined with Nicotine.
Chlorsulfaquinoxaline The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorsulfaquinoxaline is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfadicramide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfadicramide is combined with Nicotine.
Phthalylsulfathiazole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Phthalylsulfathiazole is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfaisodimidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfaisodimidine is combined with Nicotine.
Meticrane The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Meticrane is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfaperin The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfaperin is combined with Nicotine.
Mefruside The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Mefruside is combined with Nicotine.
Mebutizide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Mebutizide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfametomidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfametomidine is combined with Nicotine.
Cyclopenthiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cyclopenthiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfatolamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfatolamide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfamazone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfamazone is combined with Nicotine.
Succinylsulfathiazole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Succinylsulfathiazole is combined with Nicotine.
Clorexolone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clorexolone is combined with Nicotine.
Clofenamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clofenamide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfathiourea The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfathiourea is combined with Nicotine.
Fenquizone The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fenquizone is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfaguanidine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfaguanidine is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfamethoxypyridazine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfamethoxypyridazine is combined with Nicotine.
Clopamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clopamide is combined with Nicotine.
Xipamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Xipamide is combined with Nicotine.
Acetyl sulfisoxazole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acetyl sulfisoxazole is combined with Nicotine.
Indisulam The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Indisulam is combined with Nicotine.
Darunavir The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Darunavir is combined with Nicotine.
Methazolamide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methazolamide is combined with Nicotine.
Buthiazide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Buthiazide is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfaphenazole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfaphenazole is combined with Nicotine.
Celecoxib The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Celecoxib is combined with Nicotine.
Vemurafenib The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Vemurafenib is combined with Nicotine.
Sulfametrole The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfametrole is combined with Nicotine.
Esmolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Esmolol is combined with Nicotine.
Atenolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Atenolol is combined with Nicotine.
Timolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Timolol is combined with Nicotine.
Bisoprolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bisoprolol is combined with Nicotine.
Alprenolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alprenolol is combined with Nicotine.
Pindolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pindolol is combined with Nicotine.
Nadolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nadolol is combined with Nicotine.
Bevantolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bevantolol is combined with Nicotine.
Practolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Practolol is combined with Nicotine.
Penbutolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Penbutolol is combined with Nicotine.
Dexpropranolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dexpropranolol is combined with Nicotine.
Celiprolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Celiprolol is combined with Nicotine.
Nebivolol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nebivolol is combined with Nicotine.
Bufuralol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bufuralol is combined with Nicotine.

Target Protein

Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 CHRNA4
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 CHRNA7
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 CHRNB2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 CHRNA2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 CHRNA3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 CHRNA5
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 CHRNA6
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 CHRNA9
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 CHRNA10
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 CHRNB3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 CHRNB4
Aromatase CYP19A1
Choline O-acetyltransferase CHAT

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Charles G. Chavdarian, Edward B. Sanders, "Process for the preparation of optically active nicotine analogs." U.S. Patent US4321387, issued September, 1959.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 17129706
    Nolley EP, Kelley BM: Adolescent reward system perseveration due to nicotine: studies with methylphenidate. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2007 Jan-Feb;29(1):47-56. Epub 2006 Oct 4.
  • PMID: 12084420
    de Leon J, Tracy J, McCann E, McGrory A, Diaz FJ: Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking: a replication study in another US psychiatric hospital. Schizophr Res. 2002 Jul 1;56(1-2):55-65.
  • PMID: 7864277
    de Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, White AO, Stanilla JK, Simpson GM: Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Mar;152(3):453-5.
  • PMID: 15738502
    Aguilar MC, Gurpegui M, Diaz FJ, de Leon J: Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia: naturalistic study of complex interactions. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;186:215-21.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 1179 • International brands: 2
Produk
  • Amazon Basic Care Nicotine Polacrilex
    Lozenge • 2 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • OTC • Approved
  • Amazon Basic Care Nicotine Polacrilex
    Lozenge • 4 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • OTC • Approved
  • Amazon Basic Care Nicotine Polacrilex
    Lozenge • 2 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • OTC • Approved
  • Amazon Basic Care Nicotine Polacrilex
    Lozenge • 4 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • OTC • Approved
  • American Fare Nicotine Transdermal System
    Patch, extended release • 14 mg/1 • Transdermal • US • OTC • Approved
  • Basic Care Nicotine
    Gum, chewing • 4 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • OTC • Approved
  • Basic Care Nicotine
    Lozenge • 2 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • OTC • Approved
  • Basic Care Nicotine
    Gum, chewing • 2 mg/1 • Oral • US • Generic • OTC • Approved
Menampilkan 8 dari 1179 produk.
International Brands
  • Habitrol
  • Nicoderm

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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