Peringatan Keamanan

Doses of L-glutamine up to 21 grams daily appear to be well tolerated. Reported adverse reactions are mainly gastrointestinal and not common. They include constipation and bloating. There is one older report of two hypomanic patients whose manic symptoms were exacerbated following the use of 2 to 4 grams daily of L-glutamine. The symptoms resolved when the L-glutamine was stopped. These patients were not rechallenged, nor are there any other reports of this nature.

The most common adverse effects observed in clinical trials of Endari were constipation (21%), nausea (19%), headache (18%), abdominal pain (17%), cough (16%), extremity pain (13%), back pain (12%), and chest pain (12%) FDA Label.

L-Glutamine

DB00130

small molecule approved investigational nutraceutical

Deskripsi

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. An oral formulation of L-glutamine was approved by the FDA in July 2017 for use in sickle cell disease L892. This oral formulation is marketed under the tradename Endari by Emmaus Medical.

Struktur Molekul 2D

Berat 146.1445
Wujud solid

Peta Jejaring Molekuler
Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The half life of elimination is 1 h [FDA Label].
Volume Distribusi Volume of distribution is 200 mL/kg after intravenous bolus dose [FDA Label].
Klirens (Clearance) -

Absorpsi

Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism. Tmax is 30 minutes after a single dose FDA Label. Absorption kinetics following multiple doses has not yet been determined.

Metabolisme

Exogenous L-glutamine likely follows the same metabolic pathways as endogenous L-glutamine which is involved in the formation of glutamate, proteins, nucleotides, and amino acid sugars FDA Label.

Rute Eliminasi

Primarily eliminated by metabolism FDA Label. While L-glutamine is filtered though the glomerulus, nearly all is reabsorbed by renal tubules.

Interaksi Makanan

1 Data
  • 1. Take with food. Endari (L-glutamine) oral powder should be mixed with 8oz of water or 4-6 oz of food at room temperature or colder, then consumed.

Interaksi Obat

1 Data
Lactulose The therapeutic efficacy of Lactulose can be decreased when used in combination with L-Glutamine.

Target Protein

CTP synthase 1 CTPS1
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase PPAT
Glutamine synthetase GLUL

Referensi & Sumber

Synthesis reference: Stephen Paul, "Novel preparation of fiber, L-glutamine and a soy derivative for the purpose of enhancement of isoflavone bioavailability." U.S. Patent US20020076455, issued June 20, 2002.
Artikel (PubMed)
  • PMID: 11408280
    Boza JJ, Dangin M, Moennoz D, Montigon F, Vuichoud J, Jarret A, Pouteau E, Gremaud G, Oguey-Araymon S, Courtois D, Woupeyi A, Finot PA, Ballevre O: Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):G267-74.
  • PMID: 1903318
    McAnena OJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, Parsons P: Selective uptake of glutamine in the gastrointestinal tract: confirmation in a human study. Br J Surg. 1991 Apr;78(4):480-2.
  • PMID: 9488531
    Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P, Siedhoff HP, Koller M, Konig W, Furst P, Puchstein C: Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Surg. 1998 Feb;227(2):302-8.
  • PMID: 10483898
    Jian ZM, Cao JD, Zhu XG, Zhao WX, Yu JC, Ma EL, Wang XR, Zhu MW, Shu H, Liu YW: The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S62-6.

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 3 • International brands: 5
Produk
  • Endari
    Powder, for solution • 5 g/1 • Oral • US • Approved
  • L-Glutamine
    Powder, for solution • 5 g/1 • Oral • US • Generic • Approved
  • NutreStore
    Powder, for solution • 5 g/1 • Oral • US • Approved
International Brands
  • Earthlink Science Glutamine Chews Chocolate — Amerifit
  • Glutamine Express — Genetic Evolutionary Nutrition
  • Glutamine Fuel Mega — Twinlab
  • Glutamine Fuel Powder — Twinlab
  • L-Glutamine Power — Champion Nutrition

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.
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